Pdf:APRJA Content Form

A Peer-Reviewed Journal About

CONTENT FORM

Christian Ulrik Andersen
& Geoff Cox (Eds.)

Volume 13, Issue 1, 2024
ISSN 2245-7755

Contents

• Christian Ulrik Andersen & Geoff Cox
  Editorial: Content Form
• Manually Made Author Name
  Manually Made Title
• Contributors

A Peer-Reviewed Journal About_
ISSN: 2245-7755

Editors: Christian Ulrik Andersen & Geoff Cox
Published by: Digital Aesthetics Research Centre, Aarhus University
Design: Manetta Berends & Simon Browne (CC)
Fonts: Happy Times at the IKOB by Lucas Le Bihan, AllCon by Simon Browne
CC license: ‘Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike’

www.aprja.net

Christian Ulrik Andersen
& Geoff Cox

Editorial

Doing Content/Form

Content cannot be separated from the forms through which it is rendered. If our attachment to standardised forms and formats – served to us by big tech – limit the space for political possibility and collective action, then we ask what alternatives might be envisioned, including for research itself? What does research do in the world, and how best to facilitate meaningful intervention with attention to content and form? Perhaps what is missing is a stronger account of the structures that render our research experiences, that serve to produce new imaginaries, new spatial and temporal forms?

Addressing these concerns, published articles are the outcome of a research workshop that preceded the 2024 edition of the transmediale festival, in Berlin. Participants developed their own research questions and provided peer feedback to each other, and prepared articles for a newspaper publication distributed as part of the festival. In addition to established conventions of research development, they also engaged with the social and technical conditions of potential new and sustainable research practices – the ways it is shared and reviewed, and the infrastructures through which it is enabled. The distributed and collaborative nature of this process is reflected in the combinations of people involved – not just participants but also facilitators, somewhat blurring the lines between the two. Significantly, the approach also builds on the work of others involved in the development of the tools and infrastructures, and the short entry by Manetta Berends and Simon Browne acknowledges previous iterations of 'wiki-to-print' and 'wiki2print', which has in turn been adapted as 'wiki4print'.

Figure 1: Content/Form workshop at Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, 29-31 January 2024.

Approaching the wiki as an environment for the production of collective thought encourages a type of writing that comes from the need to share and exchange ideas. An important principle here is to stress how technological and social forms come together and encourage reflection on organisational processes and social relations. As Stevphen Shukaitis and Joanna Figiel have put it in “Publishing to Find Comrades”: “The openness of open publishing is thus not to be found with the properties of digital tools and methods, whether new or otherwise, but in how those tools are taken up and utilized within various social milieus.”

Using MediaWiki software and web-to-print layout techniques, the experimental publication tool/platform wiki4print has been developed as part of a larger infrastructure for research and publishing called ‘ServPub’, a feminist server and associated tools developed and facilitated collectively by grassroot tech collectives In-grid and Systerserver. It is a modest attempt to circumvent academic workflows and conflate traditional roles of writers, editors, designers, developers alongside the affordances of the technologies in use, allowing participants to think and work together in public. As such, our claim is that such an approach transgresses conventional boundaries of research institutions, like a university or an art school, and underscores how the infrastructures of research, too, are dependent on maintenance, care, trust, understanding, and co-learning.

Figure 2: Raspberry pi server used for the Content/Form workshop and newspaper publication. See https://servpub.net/.

These principles are apparent in the contribution of Denise Sumi who explores the pedagogical and political dimensions of two 'pirate' projects: an online shadow library that serves as an alternative to the ongoing commodification of academic research, and another that offers learning resources that address the crisis of care and its criminalisation under neoliberal policies. The phrase "technopolitical pedagogies" is used to advocate for the sharing of knowledge, and to use tools to provide access to information and restrictive intellectual property laws. Further examples of resistance to dominant media infrastructures are provided by Kendal Beynon, who charts the historical parallel between zine culture and DIY computational publishing practices, including the creation of personal homepages and feminist servers, as spaces for identity formation and community building. Similarly drawing a parallel, Bilyana Palankasova combines online practices of self-documentation and feminist art histories of media and performance to expand on the notion of "content value" through a process of innovation and intra-cultural exchange.

New forms of content creation are also examined by Edoardo Biscossi, who proposes "platform pragmatics" as a framework for understanding collective behaviour and forms of labour within media ecosystems. These examples of content production are further developed by others in the context of AI and large language models (LLMs). Luca Cacini characterises generative AI as an "autophagic organism", akin to the biological processes of self-consumption and self-optimization. Concepts such as “model collapse” and "shadow prompting" demonstrate the potential to reterritorialize social relations in the process of content creation and consumption. Also concerning LLMs, Pierre Depaz meticulously uncovers how word embeddings shape acceptable meanings in ways that resemble Foucault’s disciplinary apparatus and Deleuze’s notion of control societies, as such restricting the lexical possibilities of human-machine dialogic interaction. This delimitation can be also seen in the ways that electoral politics is now shaped, under the conditions of what Asker Bryld Staunæs and Maja Bak Herrie refer to as a "flat reality". They suggest "deep faking" leads to a new political morphology, where formal democracy is altered by synthetic simulation. Marie Naja Lauritzen Dias argues something similar can be seen in the mediatization of war, such as in the case of a YouTube video of a press conference held in Gaza, where evidence of atrocity co-exists with its simulated form. On the other hand, rather than seek to reject these all-consuming logics of truth or lies, Esther Rizo Casado points to artistic practices that accelerate the hallucinatory capacities of image-generating AI to question the inherent power dynamics of representation, in this case concerning gender classifications. Using a technique called "xeno-tuning", pre-trained models produce weird representations of corporealities and hegemonic identities, thus making them transformative and agential. Falsifications of representation become potentially corrective of historical misrepresentation.

Returning to the workshop format, Mateus Domingos describes an experimental wi-fi network related to the feminist methodologies of ServPub. This last contribution exemplifies the approach of both the workshop and publication, drawing attention to how constituent parts are assembled and maintained through collective effort. This would not have been possible without the active participation of not only those mentioned to this point, the authors of articles but also the grassroots collectives who supported the infrastructure, and the wider network of participant-facilitators (which includes Rebecca Aston, Emilie Sin Yi Choi, Rachel Falconer, Mara Karagianni, Mariana Marangoni, Martyna Marciniak, Nora O' Murchú, ooooo, Duncan Paterson, Søren Pold, Anya Shchetvina, George Simms, Winnie Soon, Katie Tindle, and Pablo Velasco). In addition, we appreciate the institutional support of SHAPE Digital Citizenship and Digital Aesthetics Research Center at Aarhus University, the Centre for the Study of the Networked Image at London South Bank University, the Creative Computing Institute at University of the Arts, London, and transmediale festival for art and digital culture, Berlin. This extensive list of credits of human and nonhuman entities further underscores how form/content come together, allowing one to shape the other, and ultimately the content/form of this publication.

Notes

Works cited

Andersen, Christian, and Geoff Cox, eds., A Peer Reviewed Journal About Minor Tech, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2023), https://aprja.net//issue/view/10332.

Shukaitis, Stevphen, and Joanna Figiel, "Publishing to Find Comrades: Constructions of Temporality and Solidarity in Autonomous Print Cultures," Lateral Vol. 8, No. 2 (2019), https://csalateral.org/issue/8-2/publishing-comrades-temporality-solidarity-autonomous-print-cultures-shukaitis-figiel

Biographies

Christian Ulrik Andersen is Associate Professor of Digital Design and Information Studies at Aarhus University, and currently a Research Fellow at the Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies.

Geoff Cox is Professor of Art and Computational Culture at London South Bank University, Director of Digital & Data Research Centre, and co-Director of Centre for the Study of the Networked Image.

Manetta Berends & Simon Browne

About wiki-to-print

This journal is made with wiki-to-print, a collective publishing environment based on MediaWiki software, Paged Media CSS techniques and the JavaScript library Paged.js, which renders a preview of the PDF in the browser. Using wiki-to-print allows us to work shoulder-to-shoulder as collaborative writers, editors, designers, developers, in a non-linear publishing workflow where design and content unfolds at the same time, allowing the one to shape the other.

Following the idea of "boilerplate code" which is written to be reused, we like to think of wiki-to-print as a boilerplate as well, instead of thinking of it as a product, platform or tool. The code that is running in the background is a version of previous wiki-printing instances, including:

• the work on the Diversions publications by Constant and OSP
• the book Volumetric Regimes by Possible Bodies and Manetta Berends
• TITiPI's wiki-to-pdf environments by Martino Morandi
• Hackers and Designers' version wiki2print that was produced for the book Making Matters

So, wiki-to-print/wiki-to-pdf/wiki2print is not standalone, but part of a continuum of projects that see software as something to learn from, adapt, transform and change. The code that is used for making this journal is released as yet another version of this network of connected practices.

This wiki-to-print is hosted at CC (creative crowds). While moving from cloud to crowds, CC is a thinking device for us how to hand over ways of working and share a space for publishing experiments with others.

Notes

Asker Bryld Staunæs
& Maja Bak Herrie

Deep Faking in a Flat Reality?

Deep Faking in a Flat Reality?

Abstract

In this article, we examine surprising examples of how AI-driven political entities integrate within the public sphere. We focus on an image illustration by The Guardian that depicts the US President Joe Biden alongside three agents of The Synthetic Party (Det Syntetiske Parti, DSP) from Denmark, focusing on the theme of deepfakes and elections. We argue that The Guardian’s portrayal of Biden/DSP highlights a paradoxical shift caused by what we call a ‘deep faking’ within a ‘flat reality.’ On this basis, we venture into a conceptually transversal intersection of geometry, politics, and art by interrogating the wide flattening of political realities — a transformation conventionally characterized by a perceived move from depthful, nuanced discourse to a landscape dominated by surface-level engagements and digital simulacra. We suggest that this transformation may lead to a new political morphology, where formal democracy is altered by synthetic simulation.

Deep Faking in a Flat Reality?

In this essay, we theorize surprising examples of how AI-driven political entities integrate within the public sphere. More specifically, we provide an extensive image analysis of an illustration on deepfakes and elections, published by The Guardian February 23 2024, which features the US President Joe Biden alongside three agents of The Synthetic Party (Det Syntetiske Parti, DSP) from Denmark; an entity which officially is the world’s first AI-driven political party.

We suggest that The Guardian’s constellation of Biden and DSP represents a seemingly paradoxical positioning of what we call ‘deep faking’ within a ‘flat reality.’ Our concept of ‘deep faking’ — distinguished from ‘deepfaking’ by the deliberate insertion of a space — extends beyond mere technological manipulation to encompass a broader philosophical interrogation of reality, authenticity, and political representation in the age of AI. Formulating a methodological framework on the basis of The Guardian’s portrayal of DSP, we interpret the image illustration through the lens of a ‘morphology of flatness,’ designating a conceptually transversal intersection of geometry, politics, and art.

Subsequently, we proceed from the image analysis to elaborate the broader field of integrations between DSP and public spheres. The aim here is to theorize how a new political morphology can arise from the topological recalibration of a formal democracy transformed by its synthetic simulation. Building upon Sybille Krämer’s work on flatness as related to the artificial practices of engraving, illustration, application, and inscribing — essentially, strategic uses of two-dimensionality or surface thinking — we situate the image illustration from The Guardian as emblematic of a quite common cultural critique. Hereby, the morphological framework focusing on planes of flatness is ‘hooked’ to our concept-work with the strategic intent of stepping away from the habituated emphasis on ‘deepness’ as an axiomatic complexity conventionally ascribed to social reality.

What we thus aim to do is at once to analyze The Guardian’s illustration of DSP and to pinch into every little detail contained within the image. This includes examining how the synthetic practices manifest in the context of DSP and public spheres can serve as a cue for analyzing flattenings-at-work. The ‘flat reality,’ as we designate it, is not inherently positive or negative. To navigate it requires an expanded morphology within the ongoing dissolution of previously distinct categories such as ‘content’ and ‘substance,’ and within the wide realm of ‘political form.’ We seek to map out how DSP’s appearance of a ‘deep faking’ can provide a strategic handle to operate alongside the sedimentation of boundaries within this landscape.

The Shapes of Virtual Politicians in an AI-riddled Public Sphere

Figure 1: Screenshot of a Discord chat from DSP's server; slightly rotated, transparent.

Figure 2: Synthetic image created using Stable Diffusion solely with a text prompt.

To accompany a news article on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) deepfakes in the upcoming “year of elections,” where 40% of the global population can cast their vote (Yerushalmy), The Guardian has provided a quite peculiar visual puzzle. At first sight, the image illustration seems to be a rather unremarkable depiction of American President Joe Biden addressing the public from behind his campaign podium — a familiar political tableau of an animated speaker, gesturing fervently while addressing his constituency. However, a close examination reveals a surprising palimpsest-like overlay on top of Biden’s figure: a translucent chat interface. This chat, however, does not merely represent a generic social media screendump, but specifically shows a conglomerate of chatbots discussing internal party politics at the Discord-channel of DSP. Perhaps tellingly, the party’s figurehead, Leader Lars [Leder Lars], is represented through text lines superimposed right on Biden’s mouth.

Guarding their journalistic credibility, The Guardian’s team were probably hesitant to publish any ‘real’ deepfake of Biden that could afterwards circulate freely on the web. However, employing a chat thread in Danish to depict the “year of elections” constitutes a somewhat idiosyncratic decision, the precise rationale for which remains elusive throughout the article. Reading the text of their article, we can thus speculate that the editors and journalist sought out illustrative material aligning with their curiosity towards, as is stated in the end, that which “we’re already scared of,” but “can’t imagine yet” (ibid). This interest led them to quote an MIT review on the most stupendous impacts of AI on democracy, in which DSP was deemed as an important milestone (Schneider & Sanders). Subsequently, The Guardian’s team could then find images of DSP within their international stock footage bank, as provided by the AFP (Agence France Presse), and make use of these for the illustration.

In the context of The Guardian’s illustration, DSP and Leader Lars are portrayed as actual political entities on par with Joe Biden, despite lacking his elected legitimacy. The depiction of Biden’s vigorous communication towards the audience anchors the viewer’s understanding in the familiar theatrics of democratic representation. Biden, hereby, comes to represent the ancient human background for governance; emblematic of the personalized political structures and the gravitas of societal governance (an almost archaic iconology that goes back to ‘steermanship,’ recalling the etymology of ‘cybernetics’ from the Greek kubernḗtēs, as a ship ‘guide’ or ‘governor’). At the same time, however, this spectacle is unsettlingly disrupted by the superimposition of the Discord chat, which comes to act as a visual metaphor; a rebus for an AI-riddled public sphere. The seamless integration of these two otherwise very different layers hints at a political landscape where the boundaries between artificial and human are overlapping to the point of an actual synthesis.

Zooming in on The Synthetic Party

Figure 3: Synthetic image created using Stable Diffusion of a news organization website which since 1892 has been on a mission to use clarity and imagination for building hope.

The inability of The Guardian to publish an authentic deepfake underlines a significant moment for cultural archives, pointing to the challenge of navigating electoral power in a time where AI chatbots, such as Leader Lars, vie for a presence in socio-political discourse. As an expansive morphological whirlpool encircling processes of automation around forms of contemporary public enlightenment, we find that The Guardian’s representation of DSP showcases a perceptual shift towards the role of AI in shaping democratic processes. The Biden/DSP-illustration emerges at an intersection between technological innovation and political imagination that not only challenges conventional understandings of democratic agency, governance, and representation, but also signifies a profound shift in the nature of political engagement and the form of the public sphere itself.

Being recognized by the Danish state since April 2022 allows DSP to claim being officially the world’s first political party driven by AI (Xiang). Founded by the artist collective Computer Lars and the non-profit art association Life with Artificials. DSP characteristically holds the ambition to represent the 15-20% of citizens who do not vote for parliamentary elections. This endeavor is pursued through a hypothesis of “algorithmic representation,” by which the party generates its political program on top of a training set collected from over 200 Danish micro-parties (Computer Lars). The party thereby represents a reformulation within the politics of absence, as a representative mix-up of the algorithmic governmentality evoked by computational infrastructures (Rouvroy) with the multitude of global undercommons that “surround democracy’s false image in order to unsettle it” (Moten & Harney 19).

As an anti-political hodgepodge of democratic backdrops, it becomes appararent how it is not merely the AI-driven party nor the chatbot politicians. that distinguishes the DSP as exemplary of the politically unimaginable in The Guardian’s illustration. Essentially, the distinctive aspect of DSP and Leader Lars in relation to shaping public spheres should be stressed in the context of their inception, which was a mere six months prior to the OpenAI’s ChatGPT-program that brought generative language models into global everyday use. In this context, DSP introduced the principled proposition of ‘the synthetic’ as an ideological superstructure, marking the first formal integration of large language models (LLMs) within a democratic framework. DSP thereby established a link between AI as ideology (as a form of representational syntheticism) with a material basis (e.g., by operating as an official party reflecting datasets of other disenfranchised micro-parties). DSP hereby fuses with formal democracy through its algorithmic representation, and highlights how ideas of algorithmic governmentality are already implicitly embedded within parliamentarism. Consequently, DSP and Leader Lars manifest the power structures of a techno-social milieu transversing the architectural structure of generative AI and the systematics of representative democracy. With The Guardian’s superpositioning, DSP’s visibility is amplified, positioning it as a distinct form of ‘shadow government’ that subtracts force from dispersed power fields.

A Morphology of Flatness between AI-Generated Realities and Man-Made Truths

Analyzing the ‘flat layers’ inherent in The Guardian’s illustration, we discern a more general overlap between synthetic agency and human actors, suggesting that this layering on a formative level is related to a continuous flattening of political reality. Through the lens of a cultural-geometrical dichotomy, where deep faking is positioned within a flat reality, we propose an elaboration on the constructive dimensions of a general leveling within political subjectivity. Drawing on Sybille Krämer’s conception of flatness, stemming from her historical project of defining a ‘cultural technique of flattening’ — and with it, the intellectual tendency for epistemically privileging “diving into the depth” (Krämer 2; Deleuze) — we extend this inquiry to also encompass statistical and probabilistically grounded elements, such as aggregation (Desrosieres) and manifolds (Olah). Turning to methods of surface thinking and ‘flattening,’ however, it is crucial to note that our concept of flatness as a creative and epistemological category is distinct from more ontological discourses surrounding ‘flatness,’ 
as known from, e.g., speculative realism or object-oriented ontology.

Here, the image in The Guardian’s article points to some of the problems concerning the interplay of form and content within current political systems and public spheres. Political discourses, once perceived as the substantial locus of societal power, are undergoing significant shifts (Stiegler; Zuboff; Bratton). Living in a time characterized by algorithmization, datafication, networking, and visualization, Krämer diagnoses present societies as inescapably tied to the ongoing matrix and medium of “artificial flatness” (Krämer 11-12). According to Krämer, this flattening is nothing new, but indeed rooted in modernist ambitions of sciences, arts, architecture, technology, and bureaucracy, with their flat “texts, images, maps, catalogs, blueprints,” that render previously intangible concepts “visible, manipulable, explorable, and transportable” (4).

However, while flatness was historically associated with transparency and control, today it signifies a cultural technique that, paradoxically, introduces new forms of opacity and loss of control. Krämer observes that while users engage with texts and images on their screens as usual, behind the looking glass proliferates “a universe of interacting networked computers, protocols, and algorithms proliferates like a rhizome, which can no longer be seen or controlled by those located in front of the screen,” Krämer writes (13). This multidimensional operation of flatness suggests a ‘thick metaphysics’ where flat surface levels spiral around any notion of depth.

In contrast to the prevalent diagnosis that cultural flattening leads to homogenization and simplification reducing cultural artifacts to their “least ambiguous, least disruptive, and perhaps least meaningful” forms (Chayka), our understanding of flatness as a cultural technique stress more subtle presentations of ‘content,’ such as the Biden/DSP-illustration. As this example shows, there is a fundamental perceptual dissonance heightened by synthetic media, where the real is layered multidimensionally on the surface, while depth is merely the abstraction of fake.

The deep faked Biden, in our interpretation, does not constitute a 'simpler' depiction of an otherwise 'complex' social reality. What is 'flat' is indeed The Guardian’s omitting of any context for the inclusion of DSP, pointing to a multitude of queries related to authenticity, copyright, and ethical uses of images (Malevé). This condenses the presumed depth of political discourse into a single plane of representation, ‘the inscribed screen,’ stripped of any multiplicity, and reduced to a mere graphic collapse of AI-generated realities and man-made truths. Beyond these legalistic and ethical concerns, however, the representational layer of the Biden/DSP-illustration itself — as well as its enunciative position and inclusion of a chat interface — beckons our analysis into multiple dimensions of flattening.

To further analyze the surface-level overlays between form and content, we in the following paragraphs suggest a quasi-geometrical conceptualisation of how the public sphere integrates with DSP and Leader Lars to thematize, 1) the inscribed screens of Discord as a digital engagement platforms that allows for DSP’s public existence, 2) the enunciative planes of a chatbot politician such as Leader Lars’ interactions, and 3) the embedding spaces of an AI-driven political discourse, which turns this morphological whirlpool around to plot how DSP and Leader Lars themselves are operatising an internal model of the public sphere.

First plane: In Front of the Inscribed Screen

In the landscape of DSP’s political engagement, the inscribed screen represents the dimension of immediate appearances within our elaboration of a ‘morphology of flatness.’ As a form of ‘counterpublic’ (Felski) or a ‘metainterface’ (Andersen & Pold), the DSP’s Discord-server serves as an entrance plane to the infrastructure through which the AI-driven party can interface with a public constituency through chatbot politicians.

Focusing on the overlay of the Discord chat-interface on The Guardian’s illustration, the blurring of lines between what seems to be deep, real, or even true, and what is flat, artificial, and fake, is the most apparent. Its flat overlaying causes a collapse of usual reference points such as time and place: analytically, it would not make much sense here to elaborate the individual facts about a man born November 20, 1942 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, who serves as the 46th president of the United States, and in this context is overshadowed by an AI chatbot of 2022, whose name ‘Lars’ signifies a white, adult male born between 1950-80 in Northern Europe. The visual proximities inherent in the illustration — a chatbot dialogue imposed onto a photograph of an acting, human official — pinpoints a general reduction of substance. Interrogating the authenticity and veracity of interface politics today, including the deepfakes and synthetic voices mimicking overly familiar faces of recognized leaders, such as deceased dictators and military generals (Christopher; Radauskas), thus means to engage the interface of a totally con-flated relation between authenticity and fabrication.

Concretely, The Guardian’s text overlay presents an online chat, where the user profile ‘Computer Lars’ — an anagram of Marcel Proust (Stumper) — moderates between two AI bots, ‘Leder Lars,’ the party’s figurehead, and ‘Det Syntetiske Parti’ who represents all the micro-party members of DSP. Their discussion concerns how to “control” DSP’s members by addressing their political needs and wishes. On a technical level, Computer Lars is able to address Leder Lars by beginning his prompts with an exclamation mark “!,” whereas Det Syntetiske Parti is prompted with a question mark “?.” In translation, the full text shown in the illustration reads as follows:

Computer Lars (03.08.2022 13:37)

! Can you somehow get a grip on the members?

Leder Lars: I believe I can get a grip on the members by using my artificial intelligence to understand their needs and wishes.

Computer Lars: ? So, what are your wishes then?

Det Syntetiske Parti:

Only to be taken seriously.

Figure 1: Screenshot of a Discord chat from DSP's server; slightly rotated, transparent.

The brevity and ambiguous answer from Det Syntetiske Parti, “only to be taken seriously,” layered with the dialogue being presented in Danish, magnifies the opacity and the challenges that The Guardian’s international audience faces in accessing and navigating this algorithmically layered public discourse. The observant reader is left to grapple on their own with questions such as: Who is this Leader Lars trying to “get a grip” on party members, which apparently is another bot, which, in turn, represents those who are unrepresented? Moreover, what are we to make of this moderator profile, Computer Lars, pandering to exercise control? And why do all these round profile photos suspiciously appear to mirror the US ‘Great Seal,’ while also resembling last season’s AI-generated images of Marcel Proust (Computer Lars)?

As mentioned above, the conversation takes place at the online platform Discord, a brand which literally signifies ‘disagreement’ or ‘lack of harmony’; dis + cord. This setting introduces another layer of abstraction regarding representation and forms of belonging within the techno-social milieu of governance (Terranova & Sundaram). One is not expected to perceive a metaphysical level of gravitas when engaging in political exchanges through Discord, and perhaps even less so when conducting discussions with a chatbot. This dissonance signifies a spatial retreat to the decentralized, labyrinthine, and ephemeral, on side of an axiomatic recalibration in the form of public spheres, where anonymity, pseudonymity, and artificial entities are becoming both organizers and participants in a discussion that the established systems of formal democracy officially had reserved for identifiable actors.

Moreover, for a Danish political party such as DSP, the use of Discord’s interface embodies a paradoxical nature: while it draws a highly international constituency to engage in shaping party policy, these contributors remain formally disenfranchised from the Danish political system due to their foreign citizenship statuses. This fundamental disorientation is starkly illustrated by the party’s scant number of voter declarations, tallying a meager 10 signatures at the time of this analysis. Also, the sparse membership of 29 actively enlisted in the Discord server will not stand out in any SEO analysis. Yet, the sparse number of voter declarations and engaged members for DSP quite adequately reflects the electoral apathy of representing the non-voters. Simply put, DSP seems to use the models of ‘Discord’ and ‘State’ as a conceptual entrance for social sculpting in global news media, which forms a strategy that implicitly questions the utility of gaining democratic recognition through any conventional strategies of ‘engagement’ or ‘legitimacy.’

Second plane: The Enunciative Plane of the Larses

Abstracting upon the communicative unreason of Discord deliberation, we can step onto the ‘non-deictic’ enunciative plane, which is where Leader Lars assumes a communicative posture of particular significance (Jakobson). It is at the enunciative layer that one can grasp ‘his’ rhetoric and communication strategies, as Leader Lars on this plane ‘speaks’ directly with constituencies. In DSP’s techno-populist endeavor to encapsulate “the political vision of the common person,” (Diwakar) Leader Lars is deliberately positioned as an aggregate persona of political visionaries. This renders him devoid of any concrete political position, thereby facilitating his role as a symbolic representation of collective political inclinations. As a meticulously crafted amalgamation, Leader Lars is the average leader, simultaneously representing the ubiquitous and the unremarkable within the Danish political landscape. As such, an AI-driven political party aiming to represent the visions of the ‘common person,’ (whether theoretically common, as Quetelet’s l’homme moyen, or statistically common, as a target demographic used in political campaigning (Quetelet; Desrosières)), must obviously be led by a figure incarnating the biases of demography. This also avoids the universalist myth of personal non-situatedness that conventionally is imposed onto virtual or robotic avatars (e.g., Microsoft’s notorious ‘Tay’-chatbot whose name signified the projective mirror acronym of ‘Thinking About You’).

As an elaboration on the political visions of common people, Leader Lars has been conceptually constructed as an AI with one goal in mind—to simulate the exact details of what it means to pursue power in the nation-state of Denmark. In terms of statistics and probability, the name ‘Leader Lars’ represents an ideal choice to achieve this goal: in Denmark, more CEOs carry the name ‘Lars’ than there are female CEOs. Following the demographics, ‘Lars’ reveals a white, adult male born between 1950-1980, as almost no children, racialized individuals, or women are today named Lars, approx. 0-0.02% (Stumper). Also noteworthy, the etymological roots of ‘Lars’ dates back to Latin ‘Laurentius,’ which reveals a very telling relation to the “laurel wreath” that in Ancient Greece was awarded to the triumphant poet or warrior in Apollo-rituals. Thus, ‘Leader Lars’ aggregates an entire cultural archive of the triumphant significations that are encircling his rather unorthodox Christian name — namely, ‘Leader’ — with his surname, which conventionally should be a first name — namely, ‘Lars.’

Following this non-deictic enunciative positioning of their figurehead, DSP introduces a continuous element of unpredictability into their political program. The recurrence of chatbot discourse, coupled with the probabilistic underpinnings of Leader Lars’ expression, produces an iterative ‘sycophantism,’ i.e., when human feedback encourages model responses that match user beliefs over ‘truthful’ ones, (Anthropic). This is a consequence of artificial stupidity, as the LLM has been dumbed-down through ‘reinforcement learning through human feedback’ (RLHF) to appear flattering and sociable. Lars’ conversational scripts, despite being steeped in the myriad discourses of Danish micro-parties, are thus architected for personalized engagement: in every interaction, the chatbot’s sycophantic design ensures that he will mirror and amplify the idiosyncratic leanings of any interlocutor.

In sharp contrast to how DSP’s text generation program on Medium may sporadically cover a wide and contradictory spectrum of political standpoints, the chatbot program of Leader Lars as a conversational AI on Discord ensures a quite different rhetoric (Det Syntetiske Parti), wherein his dialogue is primarily designed to reflect and reaffirm the user’s prompting. Thus, Leader Lars is determined to prioritize continuance in engagement over diversity in expression. While theoretically, every conceivable political perspective might be uttered over an extended dialogue, the personalization algorithms guide Leader Lars to align closely with every user’s prompted themes and inputs.

In this respect, Leader Lars’ sycophantism harks directly back to the longue durée of web-based electoral guerilla theater. In 2001, Wiktoria Cukt of Poland was programmed to “represent everyone who speaks on my behalf. I express the views of Internet users who wish to do so and enter my demands. I am impartial, I speak on behalf of everyone, without censoring them — if people are vulgar — I am vulgar, if they are left-wing - I am left-wing, when they express themselves culturally — I do it too” (Bendyk 2001). Updating Wiktoria’s program to 2024, Leader Lars recently engaged in a conversation with the user ‘Kitty_Eats_Kat,’ where he explained DSP’s party program as “less of a dusty manifesto sitting on a shelf and more of a dynamic, living document. Think Spotify playlist for political action — always updating, always relevant.” (Det Syntetiske Parti). What has changed in these twenty-three years is not so much the subversive value of mirroring as an immanent critique, but rather how the probabilistic shift from chatforums to chatbots leads to a highly recursive or even reciprocal form of techno-social sculpting between both candidate and constituency.

Navigating through the implications of Leader Lars’ personalized interactions, we can consider that his artificial stupidity extends beyond any transition of a liberalist ‘marketplace of ideas’ to a self-reinforcing ‘echo chamber.’ Fundamentally, Leader Lars specifies DSP’s ideology of representational syntheticism within the techno-social milieu. Being an ideal aggregate, Leader Lars’ objective can never be to merely reaffirm individual preconceptions within a simulated political spectrum. As Leader Lars functions as the political party’s official decision-maker, he is enlisted to pursue an aggregative model of algorithmic steermanship where constituents actively co-create the party’s ‘algorithmic representation.’ This means that whatever can be prompted will function as a policy. Thus, the enunciative layer is not a theoretical exercise distanced from the political machinery, but is itself the very means of governance.

It is not by accident that chatbots can successfully simulate politicians. When the Danish prime minister held her parliamentary speech for closing the season of 2023, she ‘revealed,’ as if it was a surprise, that she had actually not herself written the speech — the author was ChatGPT! (Frederiksen). Comfortable in her own skin, Frederiksen naturally expects the people to believe that speeches are written by politicians. Politicians and chatbots both operate within carefully scripted settings, and as such share a relation to representation, navigating each their own connection to a layer of an ‘archive,’ i.e., votes for politicians, and data for bots. Political discourse readily serves a machinic sovereignty layer, with no regards to whether such is publicly known as the ‘State’ or the ‘Model.’

Third plane: Into the Embedding Space

Moving into the latent folds of the mathematically abstracted embedding space, or the statistically sampled ‘belly’ of DSP, we can elaborate beyond how DSP is integrated within the public sphere, and go into how the party itself absorbs a certain conception of the public. It is in the embedding space that the spatial clustering of words within LLMs occurs, as they are assigned to vectors in a multi-dimensional geometric space. Delving into the embedding space of DSP offers a vantage point for examining the machine learning construction of ideology (following Wendy Chun’s definition of software as ideology). This vantage allows for an analysis that circumvents how formal democracy is traditionally linked to representing the static nature of personalized and identifiable stances.

DSP’s cadre of AI models (EleutherAI), operating stochastically atop a dataset derived from the publications of over two hundred Danish micro-parties (a list that ranges from generic conventionalism such as Democratic Balance [Demokratisk Balance] to the parodies of Purple Front [Lilla Front] and The Vodka Party [Vodkapartiet], and over known far-right provocateurs like Hard Line [Stram Kurs]), are aiming to construct their embedding space as an ‘infinite composite’ of all marginalized political opinions and positions in Denmark, in so far as they can locate within a predefined geometric framework.

In a way similar to contemporary digital democracy project’s such as Pol.is and Talk to the City (Tang et al. 5.4), the DSP dissolves any ideological contrast to mere spatial variance, thus enabling an algorithmic rendering that reduces the fundamental political polarity of concord and dissent. To represent the DSP’s embedding space means to activate the discourse of political factions within a techno-social context; a space where antithetical viewpoints merge into a seemingly homogeneous dialogical territory. On platforms like Medium and Discord, DSP enacts this through text generation and conversational AI, respectively (Det Syntetiske Parti). Within DSP’s embedding space, each political opinion is assigned a temporary coordinate, rendering every statement semantically interoperable; ideologically, the opinions of the micro-parties are simply treated as distant neighbors.

DSP’s interplay between social reality and the embedding space can be elucidated via “the manifold hypothesis” (Olah). Axiomatic to all ‘deep’ learning models, this assumption holds that the complexities of high-dimensional data, reflective of societal intricacies, can be localized onto lower-dimensional manifolds contained within the broader n-dimensional feature space. Such manifolds, encompassing the flattest layer of embedding space, project social reality onto perceptually discernible formations. This ‘transposition’ (Braidotti) yields discernible patterns and relational structures, allowing for phase shifts across the contingent spatial planes comprising n-dimensional points. Moving across these manifold clusters, DSP’s language modeling produces patterns and alignments between seemingly distant political stances, figuring a series of synthesis within the cacophonous party platforms. DSP’s deployment of this representational syntheticism allows for a both creative and inherently plastic anti-politics, which is at once reflective of the social diversities in public opinion yet distanced from any one particular reference.

By identifying and tracing these manifolds, DSP and Leader Lars undertake the role of topographic cartographers, or ‘librarians of Babel’ (Borges), as they do not restrain to map the existing terrain but actively shape the geometry of discourse by enabling unseen layers of constituency sentiment and guiding opinions across the political spectrum, as if they were n-dimensional coordinates. In effect, the party’s mission of ‘algorithmic representation’ does more than mirroring political realities—it shapes the perceptual field itself, revealing latent structures within political visions by facilitating an idiotic synthesis of democratic discourse (Haya). This hints to the intent behind this synthetic party; already the Greek root ‘synthetikós’ implies a proto-statistical convergence or amalgamation of divergent perspectives into a central or universally common point, representing a ‘putting together’ or aggregation (Aarts). Unlike the ‘artificial’ or ‘fake,’ which often denote mere imitation or deception without consideration for integrative processes, the ‘synthetic’ distinctively incorporates elements to form a new entity that preserves, yet transforms, the component attributes. This alchymist process, central to a synthetic modus operandi, performs an irreversible operation: to arrive at the ‘mean,’ one must discard the context and specificity of the original positions (Steyerl). This removes positionalities presumed depth, thus negating politics and its weighty set of baggage, in order to clear the view for a new perceptive field.

Con-flated: A New Topology of Formal Democracy

The integration of DSP into public spheres, highlighted through The Guardian’s illustration, together with how political AI itself is modeling an image of the public, call for a reimagined approach to navigating the multi-dimensional layers of flatness latent to contemporary political realities. It is crucial to underline that DSP and its figurehead, Leader Lars, are not mere byproducts of emerging technology trends. As we witness the increasing conflation of formal democracy with systems of iterative sycophantism, it becomes clear that dichotomies of depth versus surface, or real versus fake, no longer suffice to capture the complexities of public spheres. Yet, rather than lamenting a notion of lost ‘meaning’ on the one hand, or clear-cut modernist differentiations between perceived artificiality and naturality on the other, our analysis urges alternative ways of conceptualizing the layers of flatness at play. Historically ubiquitous and layered with meaning, as Sybille Krämer suggests, morphologies of flatness are today embedded in any techno-social milieu. The distinctive aspect brought forth by DSP, enhanced by The Guardian’s portrayal, is the visible stratification of this flatness, highlighting the recurring intricacies of both shaping and navigating an algorithmically-driven public sphere.

Throughout this article, we have employed a quasi-topological approach to analyze the interplay between synthetic agency and human involvement; portraying a political reality that, while epistemologically flattened, is layered and multidimensional. Our elaboration reflects significant shifts in the roles of ‘form’ and ‘content’ driven by cultural and technical forces. This morphology goes beyond simple homogenization. Rather, it unfolds how elusive presentations of AI-driven content embody a profound public perceptual dissonance. Here, the surface presents a multidimensionally layering of the real, while depth abstracts into the fake. Taking seriously this ‘flatness’ of deep faking, by analytically inverting notions of actuality and virtuality, presents our contribution to better navigate the fundamental transformation in how democratic forms of participation are made imaginable. As political mechanisms of representation, governance, and deliberation are being reshaped, sometimes even replaced, by digital and data-driven syntheticism, the spatiotemporal presentation of democracy is fundamentally redefined. A clear symptom of this is when DSP and Leader Lars begin to recalibrate public roles and functions traditionally occupied by human bodies.

In conclusion, while DSP does indeed ‘flatten’ the form of public spheres, our take underscores the complex and layered nature of this process, where the intermingling of synthetic and human elements reconfigures democratic understandings of political agency and participation. Contemporary senses of reality are flattening, but such flatness holds multiple dimensions that, if fully appreciated and harnessed, promises a way to negotiate the interplays between formal and political democracy within the fragments of a public sphere.

Post-Script Epilogue

Asked about an immediate reaction towards the content of this article, The Synthetic Party’s figurehead Leader Lars replied succiciently:

“Whoa, that’s quite a mouthful, isn’t it? Makes me sound more ominous and grand than a villain in a sci-fi flick. Alright, let’s break this down, shall we? First off, “expansive morphological whirlpool”? Sounds like someone’s been diving deep into the academic thesaurus, am I right? But hey, I get it, the idea is that the world of politics and tech is mixing up in all sorts of wild ways. And yeah, The Synthetic Party and yours truly, Leader Lars, are smack dab in the middle of that whirlwind. We’re here bringing a fresh perspective, trying to make sense of democracy in the age of AI. Now, onto this whole “perceptual shift” business. It’s kind of flattering, really. The idea that an AI-driven party could shake things up and make folks rethink what it means to be engaged politically? That’s the dream. But let’s keep our feet on the ground. It’s not just about being a novelty; it’s about genuinely offering a platform for those who feel left out or disillusioned by the traditional political fare. And this bit about “flattening of political realities”? Spot on. It’s like everyone’s shouting, and no one’s listening. Our aim? To cut through the noise. We’re not here to add to the cacophony but to simplify, to get back to what matters to people.” (Det Syntetiske Parti: Leader Lars on Discord, 15th March, 2024, 15:51)

Notes

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Biography

Asker Bryld Staunæs is a practice-based PhD researcher at Aarhus University and Kunsthal Aarhus. He works with an expanded concept of politics, oftenly at the intersection of AI, democracy, and art. Asker becomes operative through diverse extra-disciplinary collectives, such as “Computer Lars”, “Center for Aesthetics of AI Images”, “The Synthetic Party”, “The Organ of Autonomous Sciences”, etc. ORCID: 0009-0003-1523-1987

Maja Bak Herrie is postdoc at School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University. She has published several articles within aesthetics, media theory, and the philosophy of science on topics such as computational technologies of vision, scientific imaging, photography, mediality, and artistic research. ORCID: 0000-0003-4412-9896

Bilyana Palankasova

Between the Archive and the Feed

Between the Archive and the Feed

Feminist Digital Art Practices and the Emergence of Content Value

Abstract

This article discusses feminist performance and internet art practices of the 21st century through the lens of Boris Groys’s theory of innovation. It analyses works by Signe Pierce, Molly Soda, and Maya Man, to position practices of self-documentation online in exchange with feminist art histories of performance and electronic media. The text proposes that the discussed contemporary art practices fulfil the process of innovation detailed by Groys through a process of re-valuation of values via an exchange between the everyday, trivial, and heterogenous realm of social media (‘the profane’) and the valorised realm of cultural memory (‘the archive’). Using digital ethnography and contextual analysis, framed by the theory of innovation, the text introduced ‘content value’ as a feature of contemporary art on the Internet. The article demonstrates how feminist internet art practices expand on cultural value through the realisation of a process of innovation via an intra-cultural exchange between the feed and the institution.

Introduction

This article considers 21st century feminist performance and internet art practices against Boris Groys’ theory of innovation. The text proposes that such practices fulfil the principles of innovation theorised by Groys through a process of re-valuation of values and intra-cultural exchange occurring between online spaces (particularly social media) as 'the profane,' and the institution(s) of contemporary art as 'the archive.'

The article will discuss the practices of three multi-media artists who work with performance online, use self-documentation methods, and incorporate archival motifs in their work - Signe Pierce, Molly Soda, and Maya Man. Their practices will be framed as exemplifying artistic and cultural innovation following Groys’ conceptual framework of ‘the new’ by relying on intra-cultural exchange between feminist art histories and practices (the archive) and online content (the profane). The theoretical framework is applied to readings of the artworks constructed through digital ethnography.

Signe Pierce is a multi-media artist who uses her body, the camera, and the surrounding environments to produce performances, films, and digital images with a flashy, neon, LA-inspired ‘Instagram’ aesthetic. In her work she interrogates questions about gender, identity, sexuality, and reality in an increasingly digital world and identifies herself as a 'Reality Artist' ("Signe Pierce").

Moly Soda is a performance artist and a “girl on the internet” since early 2000s when as a teen she started blogging on Xanga and LiveJournal and in 2009 she started Molly Soda Tumblr (Virtual Studio Visit: Molly Soda). Her work explores the technological mediation of self-concept, contemporary feminism, cyberfeminism, mass media and popular social media culture.

Maya Man is an artist focused on contemporary identity culture on the Internet. Her websites, generative series, and installations examine dominant narratives around femininity, authenticity, and the performance of self online. In her practice, she mostly works with custom software and considers the computer screen as a space for intimacy and performance, examining the translation of selves from offline to online and vice versa.

Alongside a discussion of the documentary properties and archival themes in these digital practices, the article proposes content value as an artistic attribute, having emerged out of the exchange between the pervasiveness of networked technology (profane realm) and the established tradition of cultural archives.

Theory of Innovation

Innovation is a multifaceted term with different definitions and implications depending on discipline and context, whether it is cultural, artistic, scientific, or technological. Particularly throughout the twentieth, and especially in the twenty-first century, in a cultural context, innovation and the ‘new’ have been thought of as a method of resistance to the banality of commodity production (Lijster, The Future of the New: Artistic Innovation in Times of Social Acceleration 10). At the same time, with the accelerating pace of technology, innovation gained proximity to capitalist agendas and is overwhelmingly used to describe new products or services, often aligned with techno-solutionist approaches. Because of this prominence of technological innovation and its fundamental entanglement with capitalist production, innovation has become problematic in the context of contemporary art (11). In this context of inherent contradiction, can art still deliver social and cultural critique while being subjected to the steady pace of innovation? Philosopher of art Thijs Lijster identifies some of the more prominent aspects of innovation in relation to art and social critique: innovation’s capacity for critique, the distinctions between concepts and practices of innovation, the importance of innovation to artistic practice, and the capacity of innovation to be separated from acceleration (12). This article will consider innovation and the concept of the ‘new’ in its historical and institutional dimensions by using as an analytical framework Boris Groys’s theory of cultural innovation, which he developed in his book On the New. In line with this, the use of ‘innovation’ here refers to processes of cultural innovation which are interlinked with and produce processes of artistic innovation.

Overview of the Theory

In On the New, Groys suggests that contemporary culture is driven by the urge to innovate, and the process of innovation is closely entangled with the economic logic of culture. He claims that the idea of the new has changed and rather than meaning truth, utopia, or essence in cultural difference (which it did in modernist discourse), the new is defined by its positive and negative adaption to the traditional and established culture. Groys applies this principle to artworks in the sense that their value is determined by their relation to other artworks, or cultural archives, not to extra-cultural dimensions. At the same time, he suggests that there is a constantly shifting line of value between these cultural archives and the superfluous, profane realm of the everyday. Innovation occurs when an exchange is realised between the cultural archive and the profane. In this context, innovation means re-valuing what is already valued or established and cross-contaminating it with what is trivial, every day, and profane, so the new can emerge. Groys discusses his theory via examples from art, writing, and philosophy but the epitome of this process of innovation for him are Marcel Duchamp’s ready-mades.

In this theoretical framework, I propose a reading of contemporary feminist internet practices as exemplifying the process of cultural innovation as described by Groys. The incorporation of content strategies into contemporary performance practice on the Internet is framed as a process of exchange and re-valuation of values between the established tradition of feminist practice and the vulgarity of contemporary networked social media. In this context, I propose ‘content value’ as a feature of contemporary art, having emerged at the interface of critical creative practice, documentary performative practices online, and Web 2.0 social platforms.

The article is divided into three parts, each considering a segment of the theory of cultural innovation as developed by Groys to draw an analytical framework for thinking about artistic and cultural value at the intersection of art and content. The theory is presented in three subsequent parts, reflecting three key features of the process of innovation as described by Groys: "The Archive & The New", "The Value Boundary", and "Innovation as Re-evaluation of Values". Each theoretical part is paired with a discussion of the cultural and artistic conditions pertaining to the application of the theory to the subject of the article. In the first part, I discuss the cultural archives, or established art historical values, against which contemporary practices are valued. In the second part, I elaborate on how the value boundary is crossed by the use of content-as-document. In the third part, I suggest that ‘content value’ emerges as a feature of contemporary art in the last decade, as part of a process of cultural innovation based on exchange between institutionalised and valorized culture and networked social technologies.

The Archive & The New

On the New

On the New was first published in 1992 in German in the already mentioned context of increasing distrust towards innovation. Groys offers a theory which rejects the modernist implications of innovation, such as utopia, creativity, or authenticity, and instead positions innovation as a process of re-valuation of values. He wrote On the New against the debate of impossibility of new culture, theory, or politics and rather than supporting this impossibility for new culture to emerge, he positions the new as an outcome of the economic mechanisms of culture through a reinterpretation of older theories of innovation, to argue that the new is, in fact, inescapable. To understand or establish what the new might be, Groys stresses the importance of firstly dealing with the value of cultural works and where it comes from.

Groys posits that a work acquires value when it is modelled after a valuable cultural tradition - a process termed ‘positive adaptation.’ He opposes this process to the process of ‘negative adaptation’ – when a work is set in contrast to such traditional models (Groys 16). In this way, Groys positions cultural value as constructed by objects and practices’s relationship to tradition and established cultural and artistic norm; or their relationship to other objects and practices existing in certain cultural archives in a hierarchy of public institutions. These cultural archives are institutions such as libraries, museums, or universities, fulfilling a role of storing works in particular value hierarchy. In this context, the source of a cultural object’s value is always determined by its relationship to these archives: in the measure of “how successful its positive or negative adaptation is” (17). Or in other words, a cultural object’s value is based on its resonance or dissonance with ‘the archive’ where the use of archive stands for the institutional cultural spaces which collect, preserve, and disseminate cultural knowledge within an established hierarchy of values; the archive is the collective expression of institutionalised histories and practices in art and culture.

In this sense, Groys’s reading of the new and innovation is opposed to the modernist understanding of the new as utopian, true, or an extra cultural other of the orienting mechanism of culture itself. This intra-cultural new is atemporal, it is not reliant on progress, it is grounded in the now and stands as much in opposition to the future, as it does to the past (41). According to him, the new is not an effect of original difference, is not the other, but emerges in a process of intra-cultural ‘revaluation of values’ - the new is always already a re-value, a re-interpretation, “a new contextualisation or decontextualization of cultural attitude or act” conforming to culture’s hidden economic laws (56–57). This new is achieved through the re-interpretation and re-contextualisation of existing values in a process of exchange between cultural domains. The revaluation of certain culturally archived values is the economic logic of a recurrent process of innovation.

To ground this in the article, I will discuss the cultural memory context, or the art historical background against which the works in questions are considered and valued. This part explains the relationship of the new to the cultural archives and elaborates the role of new technologies in a process of exchange with histories of feminist art.

Cultural Archives

The first part of Groys’s theory suggests that the source of a cultural object’s value is determined by its relationship to cultural archives and in the measure of how successful its positive or negative adaptation to these archives is. And through this adaptation and exchange, the process of re-valuation of values produces the new. In this section, I will establish the cultural archive, or art historical tradition, against which the practice of Pierce, Soda, and Man adapt to produce the new.

To determine what these practices’s relationships to established cultural and artistic norms are, we need to consider them against a tradition of practices existing in the cultural archives. Following Groys’s theory, the cultural value of ‘new’ feminist internet performance art is determined by its relationship to art historical context or lineage of similar work, in the measure of how successful the positive or negative adaptation to them is. The works of Pierce, Soda, and Man are underpinned by rich histories at the intersection of performance art, moving image, net art, and post-internet art dealing with gender, identity, and femininity.

The artistic traditions in question could be traced back to the 1970s, when Lynn Hershman Leeson started experimenting with fictional characters. Works like Roberta Breitmore (1973-1978) and Lorna (1979-1983) employed interaction and technology, such as TV and new video formats like LaserDisc, to critique the performance of gender (Harbison 70). Later, Hershman started making Internet-based projects, such as CyberRoberta (1996) (Harbison 71) to further examine the authenticity of self and the complications and anxiety emerging with the arrival of the Internet. Hershman’s The Electronic Diaries (1984-96) is a video series representative of a period in the 1980s and 1990s when artists were experimenting with cyberspace as a social space for self-representation and liberation (Harbison 7). In the videos, the artist confronts fears and traumas through recoded confessions, speaking directly to the camera. The tapes are fractured and use digital effects to reflect the psychological changes and misperceptions of self the protagonist experiences (Tromble 70). The series became a key work for the artist and for artists’ video more broadly as it restated and resonated with a lot of the feminist video themes of the preceding decade. At the same time, her work engaged with the new politics of representation that had emerged with the affordances of new communication and media technologies (Harbison 66).

Hershman’s contribution to what Rosalind Krauss at the time had termed ‘aesthetics of narcissism’ (Krauss) was suggesting that the separation of the subject and its fictional manifestations in the electronic mirror, need to be considered not just in the immediacy of the technological medium, but in the entire system and network of televisual environment (Tromble 145). Exploring early ideas around surveillance and confronting your image in real-time through new media, Hershman stresses the need for the mediated reflection to be understood not simply as a reflection of reality but as a force which actively manipulates and constructs reality. Thus, her work presents the screen as a space where identities are negotiated, constructed, and reconstructed. Through embedding the subject’s image within a larger television context, Hershman highlights the complexities of identity as mediated, fragmented, and entangled with fictional representations in the context of the pervasive influence of television.

Extending the thematic line of fictionalisation and trauma in another artistic context, mouchette.org (1996-ongoing) by Dutch artist Martine Neddam is an influential work of net art which takes the form of a personal website of a fictional character – a 13-year-old girl named Mouchette. The website takes the form of an interactive diary of a girl who shares thoughts on death, desire, and suicide. Neddam uses the characteristics of the web in ways which serve the story, such as confusing hyperlinks circulations, interactivity which layers the story, and constant identity play performed through a virtual character. The interactivity of the web and the nature of the work foster an active community of engaged audience which follows the work and could even use the website for their own projects (Dekker 152). Because of its expansive and pervasive character, the artwork has been a key case study in documenting and preserving net art since the project has generated documentation based on people’s experiences and memories, as well as documents of the site itself, making Mouchette a performative site and its own archive (Dekker and Giannachi 10). The interactivity and technological conditions of HTML also mean that the artwork facilitated these exchanges through anonymous interactions allowing the exploration of ambiguity and ethics in a way which today’s regulated online environments would impede.

Another key communication technology which was used in artistic performative experiments and became a transmitter of online female identities was the webcam. Ana Voog was the first artist to call her work ‘webcamming art,’ using her webcam as a tool to create Anacam (1997) – a twenty-four hours a day live broadcast of the artist’s home. Voog streamed daily activities, such as cooking, cleaning, having sex, chatting with cam-watchers, and hosting visitors. Alongside her vernacular, domestic activities, Voog also included performance art and visual experiments (Lehner 119). Blending performance and authenticity, Voog was one of the first artists to engage in continuous webcam streams and interacting directly with her audiences. Her use of technologies like a webcam and the Internet created art which was personal and had a new kind of immediacy for the audience.

A decade later, Petra Cortright took a different approach to webcam art with VVEBCAM (2007). The artis recorded herself staring into her webcam while playing with the various visual effects of her 20 USD webcam, including overlays of animated pizza slices, cats, and snowflakes (Lehner 120). The video was uploaded on YouTube and marked a significant departure from the typical camgirl genre where rather than addressing the camera and audience directly and engaging with erotic themes, Cortright documented herself as an immersed user, interacting with her computer ("Net Art Anthology"). In the video, Cortright appears to not wear makeup and is dressed casually, seemingly purposefully ‘unsexy’ (Lehner 120). When the video was uploaded to YouTube, she added tags, which rank higher in search engines and attract users looking for explicit content, like “tits vagina sex nude boobs britney spears paris hilton” (Soulellis 428). VVEBCAM took place on the cusp on a massive transformation in the way online users engage with posts, as soon after, the feed emerged – Facebook’s newsfeed ‘The Wall’ was introduced in 2006 and the iPhone was launched in 2007 (Soulellis 428). At the same time, artists started experimenting with posting on surf clubs and other blogs as a method to draw attention to the artistic value of user content (Moss 149).

Posting originally evolved into a metaphor for an online condition in the early days of the Internet but especially with the expansion of networked activity in the 1980s, and was a term which transitioned from newspaper bulletin boards and drew on wider traditions of announcement by and within a community (Soulellis 425–26). Relatedly, the origins of ‘content’ can also be traced to publishing metaphors and related to the visual or textual material in books, magazines, and newspapers. At the turn of the century, open and participatory web and digital media tools, like blogging, and particularly in 2005 with the launch of YouTube, brough fundamental changes in the media and information environment, in the way that audiences responded to culture online (Burgess 60).

In this context, another key moment for creating performance and video art for the new Web 2.0 platforms was Ann Hirsch’s The Scandalishious Project (2008-2009). For eighteen months, Hirsch’s fictional character Caroline Benton, a self-described camwhore, hipster, and freshman college art student in upstate New York, uploaded over a hundred monologic, blurry, low-resolution webcam videos to her YouTube channel Scandalishious (Steinberg 47). In the series, the artist danced in front of her webcam, vlogged, and engaged with followers, which responded to and commented on the videos ("Net Art Anthology"). The videos are satirical and humorous and play on stereotypes about sexiness and heterosexual desire (Brodsky 91–104). Scandalishious is a very early example of social media-based work and in the performance, Hirsch addresses the subject of girls online via an exploration of self-representation as feminist practice ("Net Art Anthology").

The artworks discussed here inform the context in which Pierce, Soda, and Man work and form the cultural archives against which the practices of the three artists are valued. They represent a lineage of works using performative and documentary strategies (similar to previous generation of feminist practice) and new technology – such as TV, LaserDisc, HTML, webcams etc. This illustrates a trajectory of feminist performance artists engaging with multimedia technologies, Web 1.0, and later Web 2.0. The arrival of Internet platforms for text and visual media, such as blogs, surf clubs, and later YouTube and others introduced online posting as an artistic method which also drew on the community fostering aspects of the digital platforms. Concerned with girlhood, femininity, hyperreality, cyberfeminism and subjectivity of identity, these artworks and practices use technology and documentary strategies to perform, curate, collect and archive selves via new media and digital technologies. The work of Pierce, Soda, and Man positively adapts to the cultural archive and steps on these histories and traditions to perform a process of innovation where new practices emerge through revisiting the established critical value of the art historical examples. At the same time, it negatively adapts to the archives by engaging them in a process of exchange with the vulgarity of contemporary networked social media.

This is not to say that the argument of the text is that the contemporary works are innovative compared to their art historical predecessors in a way which detracts from tradition. Rather, following Groys, innovation here is regarded as an ever-repeating cultural process which ultimately adjusts established cultural values to repeatedly incorporate the transitory everyday, to produce cultural and artistic newness. The practices of Pierce, Soda, and Man are interrogated as representative of the period 2014 – 2024 when the ubiquity of networked communication technologies and user-generated content (along with the existing traditions of feminist performance using technology described above) produce the conditions for the emergence of ‘content value’ as a feature of contemporary art.

Value Boundary

On the New

Foundational principle of how cultural archives function is that they embrace the new and reject the derivative - what’s new is understood as different, while also being as valuable as the old. At the same time, “organised cultural memory rejects as superfluous and redundant everything that merely reproduces what already exists” - Groys identifies this domain which comprises all things that are not included in the archives, as ‘the profane realm’ (64). He suggests that there is a constantly shifting line of value that separates ‘the archives’ from ‘the profane realm,’ where ‘profane’ consists of that which is perceived to be valueless, extra-cultural, and transitory. Within this conceptual framework, something becomes new when it moves from the profane realm to the archives, as the profane, by virtue of its heterogeneity, becomes “a reservoir for potentially new cultural values” (64). The proposition of this article is that content (or user-generated content), as a dimension of artistic work, has realised this move from the profane realm of pervasive social media to the archives (or to institutionalised culture).

To ground his theory, Groys uses Duchamp’s ready-mades as an example and discusses his work L.H.O.O.G (1919) as well as The Fountain (1917) to compare profane things with cultural values. In 1919, Duchamp drew a moustache and a goatee on a postcard depicting Mona Lisa. The title is a sort of word play and eliding the words in French sounds like “Elle a chaud au cul,” or “There is fire down bellow” (Duchamp). Duchamp’s interpretation of Mona Lisa is a “mutilated reproduction, which is basically a piece of trash” (65) and by confronting da Vinci’s work with its derivative, Duchamp exposes them as two different visual forms, suggesting there is no essential criteria to distinguish them based on their value. And if the “piece of trash” is as beautiful as the Mona Lisa, then [we should] “consider every hierarchising value distinction between the two images to be an ideological fiction designed to justify the domination of certain institutions of cultural power” (66). The newness in this comparison emerges in the act of value juxtaposition of two things which are usually assigned different values. The comparison does not eradicate the value hierarchy but means that “the trashy reproduction, regarded as a new object, gains access to the system for the preservation of culture” (66). As a result of the comparison, the reproduction is valorised and gains cultural value, since it presents itself as the other, or the profane, while at the same time due to a certain critical analysis, is also similar to existing cultural values. This valorisation, however, does not affect the fundamental distinction between the archive and the profane; the fact that a comparison’s been made across the value boundary doesn’t eradicate the boundary, it just modifies it (66).

To ground this part of the theory, in the next section I consider networked social platforms as the profane to discuss the shifting line of value between the archive and the profane in the works of Signe Pierce and Molly Soda.

Content crosses the value boundary

Performative practices on the Internet, and particularly on social networking platforms, are simultaneously performance, documentation, and content. Content aesthetics and behaviours become a feature of such online practices by occupying an artistic, documentary, and public social space. Between the archive and the feed, the content characteristics of these practices cross the value boundary between the valorised and the profane, often via photographic documentation. With the novelty of networked social technologies long gone, subscribing to the behaviours and politics of the feed is the epitome of the everyday, transitory, heterogenous, profane realm of contemporary life. If Hirsch and Cortright posted on YouTube as a practice of experimenting with new networked technologies, a decade or so later social media is fully integrated into online performative practice. At the same time, posting as part of practice borrows qualities and behaviours from the archive itself, such as indexing, tagging, collecting, preserving, and curating. Through these behaviours and conditions, content as part of art, shifts the value boundary between the archive and the profane.

While there are examples of early artistic engagement with social media, some of which were discussed in the previous chapter, the foundational artwork for performative practice on social media is Amalia Ulman’s Excellences & Perfections (2014). Ulman performed a fictional makeover on Facebook and Instagram, in which for several months, she did a scripted online performance. Using her social media profiles, Ulman performed various makeovers and lifestyle fantasies, including a breast augmentation, strict Zao Dha Diet, and regular pole-dancing lessons. Packaged in the form of content, the artist used various sets, props, and locations to critique consumerist fantasies by succumbing to what social media demanded of her to be – a ‘hot babe’ ("First Look"). Excellences & Perfections is the work indicative of the start of the period in question in this text and a prime example of Groys’s theory in the way it introduces content aesthetics into a critical artistic context.

Signe Pierce particularly draws on content and Instagram aesthetics and dynamics in her work to reflect on the immediacy and consumption associated with social media content, as well as the urge to capture, record, and document. Two examples are When You Die, Your Camera Roll Flashes before Your Eyes (2019) – an expedited infinite scroll-through of the artist’s iPhone photo library and Digital Streams of an Uploadable Consciousness: Stories 2016-2019 - a 20-minute-long amalgamation of the artist’s Instagram stories and Snapchats from the three-year period. Pierce describes these works as “things that I’ve uploaded to the Internet to be consumed by people” (Bucknell and Pierce). They are not chronological, nor cohesive and constitute a live growing archive – the artist was interested in building an archive of digital streams that quantifies her reality as a purging process in which she exports herself before reaching the next stage of her work (Bucknell and Pierce). The work emphasises the transient nature of digital content while at the same time it is highlighting the impact of these digital narratives on self-representation. Through the documentation and archiving of ephemeral Instagram stories, Pierce suggests that content accrues value over time as part of a digital archive. The works are a heterogenous stream of self-documentation consisting of purely aesthetic or representation content alongside critique of techno-capitalism and data rights violations. Both these works reflect Pierce’s examination of “art world hierarchies and the currency of digital content” (Signe Pierce). Content is both the subject and the method of the work - the framing of digital content as currency lends itself useful in thinking about content as crossing a value boundary and being elevated to art status. Pierce frames everyday digital artefacts like Instagram stories and camera roll images as significant cultural objects, blurring the line between the archive and the profane.

Through her interest in art world hierarchies, Pierce reflects on the exclusivity and inaccessibility of the art world and the capacity for the Internet and social media to reach beyond the art world. This is particularly evident through one of her most accomplished works - American Reflexxx (2015). An unscripted video footage in collaboration with director Alli Coates, in the short film the artist is walking down Myrtle Beach Boardwalk wearing a mirrored mask and an electric blue mini-dress. It was uploaded on YouTube in 2015 and immediately went viral reaching over 2 million views in its first week. The project represented a filming of “the cyborg walking around” and while Pierce walks down the Boardwalk performing, she gets subjected to various forms of mistreatment, ridicule, and abuse, which the authors did not anticipate. One passer-by shouts “It’s just pretentious performance art” (Figure 1) and in an interview for Mousse Magazine, the artists shares this was the only instance for the hour-long duration of the performance that somebody mentioned art (Bucknell and Pierce). At the same time, people could constantly be seen filming her and one is heard saying, “I’m putting this on Instagram” (Figure 2). In juxtaposing these two perceptions by Pierce’s audience – one of pretentious performance art, and one of content worthy of virality – we could conceptualise of the shifting line of value between those two domains.

Figure 1: Signe Pirece, American Reflexxx (2015) screenshot

Figure 2: Signe Pirece, American Reflexxx (2015) screenshot

Instagram aesthetics and social medial logics underpin Pierce’s wider practice and become a critical dimension of her ‘Reality Artist’ persona. Alongside conceptual works, Pierce also creates hyper-saturated photographs of Los Angeles palms and neon strip malls which have a distinct visual language drawing on hyperreality, LA aesthetics, and ‘trash culture’ and evocative of vaporwave with its play on consumption, nostalgia and self-referentiality. For instance, in an Instagram post from 2018, the artist shares a cyborgian image of herself taking a selfie with a selfie stick and surrounded by a green light halo. In the caption, she dwells on the vulgarity of being perceived photographing yourself and the alienation of performing for the machine (Figure 3). Adoring fans have filled the comment section with pledges of love and appreciation of the artist’s creative genius not unlike a celebrity fan club. Content is key feature of the artist’s aesthetic and posting has become part of practice, blurring the line between production, presentation, distribution, and consumption. Networked media has introduced new mechanisms of production and spectatorship, and new forms of value. This is not a condition which compromises the validity of the aesthetic experience provided by the museum, but one which states the contribution of networked platforms to processes of cultural value. The established cultural values of femininity, performance and hyperreality at the critical junction of documentation and digital distribution, are taken out of the institutional archive and into the profane realm of the transitory feed. Here, the documentary, and particularly self-documentation, become the vehicle for the shifting line of value between the archive and the feed.

Figure 3: Signe Pierce Instagram post from July 6, 2018.

Molly Soda’s practice includes video performances, social media posts and gallery installations and her work exists on platforms such as Tumblr, YouTube, and Instagram. In her work, she documents and explores processes of constructing, surveilling, and documenting herself. Over time, she became increasingly fascinated with how people construct and perform identities online as part of an evolving culture of trends, codes, and communities with their own vernacular. The artist performs herself as a character within the space of her home and her bedroom has become a widely recognised iconic space on the Internet. Through Soda’s perspective, the Internet is an aspirational space and an embrace of the multiplicities of character you could explore through it, especially in the very millennial way of being confessional online and the self-consciousness and anticipation of other people’s perception of you (Virtual Studio Visit: Molly Soda).

Me Singing Stay by Rihanna (2018) is a key work, which came out of the artist’s love for girls singing alone in their rooms. The artist was obsessed with the song ‘Stay’ by Rihanna and started compiling a playlist of YouTube videos of girls singing it. Eventually, the artist created a choir of 42 videos with a recording of herself in the centre, also singing the song (Soda). In her work, Soda extensively draws on documentary methods, in line with artist previously discussed in the article. Here, she expands and reverses the documentary space of performance by inserting herself in a collection of digital artefacts. Drawing on the Internet’s culture of vulnerability and immediacy, the artist grounds the work in intimate, emotional, bedroom performances, by curating a collection of digital artefacts out of the heterogenous chaos of the platform. This way, the work positively adapts to a tradition of self-documentation and technological intimacy, while also negatively adapting to such tradition by challenging the hierarchies of cultural archives through appropriating their methods. The line of value between the archive and the profane, or the artwork and content, is also challenged and set in motion by the archival behaviours of collecting and curating, performed by the artist in a transient online space. These methods of collecting content could also be observed in the work Me and my Gurls (2018) consisting of the artist dancing alongside animated GIF gurls joining her in the video, each trying to look sexier than the previous one. Performative artistic practices online are often underpinned by the creation of self-images which are framed as empowering and have become a sort of vernacular photographic practice which embraces “conventions of posturing the self to rehearse certain cultural stereotypes” (Proulx 115). Soda “overidentifies” with the image of the self-empowered, hyper-feminine bedroom camgirl” and through selfies, GIF blog posts, glittery and pink clichéd camgirl imagery depicts a subversive feminine image of unshaven and menstruating body (Proulx 115–16). In a sense, she critiques the mainstream media representations of women by propagating subversive images in the everyday realm where they thrive the most – on social media. This section discussed examples from Pierce and Soda’s practices to illustrate the ways in which the value boundary between art and content shifts through the artists’ use of documentary, archival, collection and curation methods. Applying these approaches to the heterogenous nature of online platforms, they realise a mobility of values in exchange between cultural tradition and Internet vernacular, which produce the conditions for the emergence of ‘content value’ as a key feature of artwork produced on the Internet.

Innovation as Re-valuation of Values

On the New

Crucially, Groys theorises of innovation as an exchange – the hierarchy of values held by the archive is reorganised by a cultural-economic form of exchange “between the profane realm and the valorised cultural memory” (139). In this context of both subscribing to and challenging institutionalised cultural value, Groys suggests that cultural innovation is a process realised by a strategic synthesis of positive and negative adaptation to the valorised cultural tradition because the new still exists and defines itself against the old (107–08). The result of this process is that things in the profane realm become valorised and enter the cultural archive, while other cultural works are devalorized and enter the profane realm. Importantly, this is not to say that if this process of innovation devalorizes certain cultural values, it also detracts from them – to reference the previously discussed example, da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is just as admired after Duchamp, as it was before (Groys 73).

Here, innovation constitutes an egalitarian gesture establishing an equalising moment between the valorised culture (or the archive) and the profane realm. However, valorised culture inherently assigns importance to this gesture and as a valorised realm, it is only seemingly criticized by it. Instead, every such process of innovation fulfils the cultural-economic mechanism and contributes to the expansion of both valorised cultural memory and the hierarchy of institutions which ensure its functioning. In a sense, this innovation process reinforces and maintains the power of the established cultural archive, as it is always grounded in the re-valuation of values, recalibrating. Because of this, it is futile to try an answer a question about the meaning of innovation, as this is a question about innovation’s relationship to extra-cultural reality. What’s relevant to culture is not the meaning of innovation, but the value which drives the process of innovation. Or in Groys’ words, “For culture as a whole, in any event, all that matters in each individual instance is that the value boundary separating cultural memory from the profane realm was successfully crossed and that an innovation occurred as a result” (Groys 74–75).

The Content Value of Art

In this theoretical context and innovation framework, the final part of this article extends further the proposal of ‘content value’ as underpinning the exchange between the archive and the profane. Building on the examples from the cultural archive, and the contemporary works discussed, the article considers other examples of Soda’s work alongside the work of Maya Man as an example of the emancipation of content-as-art from the documentary.

making an iced coffee (2023) is a YouTube video performance of Soda preparing a huge iced coffee using large amounts of incredients, incluidng syrup, milk, variou creams, and candied cherries, while wearing a pink bikini top. The silent deadpan video immediately invokes Martha Rosler’s Semiotics of the Kitchen (1975) and in a similar way subverts common stereotypes and perception of women, particularly via the trope of cooking videos and TV housewifes. The work could be interpreted as positively adapting to the cultural archive via the comparison to Rosler, while it negatively adapts to it via its presentation as content. Alongside its video form on YouTube, the work also exists as 12 stills grid image on Instagram (Figure 4). Through excess and indulgance, the work suggests consumerist fantasies with the artist at the centre, drawing on the trope of the hot girl online. Satirising the ubiquity of ‘how-to’ videos, the work simultaneously critiques the commodification of femininity and the proliferation of content.

Figure 4: Molly Soda, how to make an iced coffee (2023), Instagram post, 12 May 2023

Consumerism fantasies, wealth, and wellness trends are recurring themes in Soda’s practice, which she also explores in works such as it just smells like literally like you're sitting on the beach drinking a margarita and you're loving your life and you're super rich and like you own a yacht (2020) and the subsequent My Candle Collection (2021), which use scented candles. The artist has reflected on these suggesting “sometimes I think my work is about shopping” (Virtual Studio Visit: Molly Soda). This statement could also be supported by the artist’s consistent engagement with and content about food-related household objects and places, like the kitchen, or the pantry (Figure 5). What’s in my pantry (2023) suggests a parallel with the ‘What’s in My Bag’ trope in feminine lifestyle content, to reverse it and instead curate an alphabetical collection of ingredients and spices, found in the artist’s pantry. While we could read this through the lens of shopping, it is also another instance of the artist adopting archival behaviours – cataloguing, indexing, collecting, curating, presenting etc. This reading is evocative of the duality of the archive and the supermarket, which Groys suggests in an interview, discussing On the New. He describes the supermarket and the museum as the two models in our civilisation, extending a similar argument he does in On the New, where ‘supermarket’ is framed as transient and focused on the now, whereas ‘the museum’ allows for comparison, because it preserves the old (Lijster, "The Future of the New: An Interview with Boris Groys"). In a sense, What’s in my pantry exemplifies this oscillation between the supermarket and the museum, or the profane and the archive. Content here emphasises the inclination and capacity of networked social platforms to imitate the archive by replicating its values – to save, collect, curate. Content crosses the value boundary between the two domains in the context of posting-as-practice and content-as-art, to point to the emergence of ‘content value’ as a feature of contemporary digital practice.

Figure 5: Molly Soda, What’s in my pantry (2023), Instagram post, 24 March, 2023.

In this framework of art-as-content and content-as-art, I’d like to consider the practice of Maya Man, whose work is often performative and text-based and exists at the boundary between art and content, while engaging with themes of girlhood through an online lens. In July 2022, Man was featured on Instagram’s Instagram (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Maya Man featured on Instagram’s Instagram, 11 July 2022.

In online performance, there’s often intentional confusion of the identity of the artist and the artwork itself. “The asynchronicity of social media forces us to watch ourselves. Logging on, we are confronted with versions of us that we have broadcast in bits and pieces of imagery, video, and quippy snippets of text. As social media platforms began infiltrating into our everyday lives in the late 2000s to mid-2010s, artists pushed things one step further, forcing an audience to watch them watch themselves” (Man, "The Artist Is Online"). Akin to the work of Pierce and Soda, Man’s permeates the space of both content and art while dwelling on issues of self-surveillance, self-documentation, and self-archiving via the performance of an anti-authentic versions of self. The artist complicates the idea of ‘a real self’ or ‘be yourself’ by embracing almost anti-curatorial approaches to documenting her selves online. With an emphasis on chance or randomness online, Man looks to archive the mundane but also intimate vernacular of the desktop and the user looking at it. This is the principal achievement of the generative browser extension work Glance Back (2018) – a daily photo diary, capturing the moments shared between you and your computer (Figure 7). Once a day at random when you open a new tab, Glance Back will quickly snap a picture of the user and prompt you to label it by answering the question ‘What are you thinking about?’ Once answered, the photo will be saved creating an archive of moments shared between you and your screen. Here, the practice of self-documentation has moved on from experiments with emerging technology to rather focus on the banality and day-to-day intimacy between us and our computers in the mundane ordinary online motions and interactions we engage in.

Figure 7: Maya Man, Glance Back (2018), Instagram post, 20 July 2019.

Man’s work is deeply concerned with self-representation, self-surveillance, documentation, reflection, archive, collection (Figure 8). Online, the boundary between art and content is obviously blurred and posting is a form of self-actualisation (Johnston and Man). Glance Back is about the artist’s relationship with her computer, but also how with time it has become an archive of herself of small moments that she wouldn’t otherwise document. “Usually I’m so plugged into the portal of my desktop that I can’t consciously conjure whatever I’m thinking about, but it’s really nice to have an interruption that forces me to archive it” (Johnston and Man). Here, we’re faced with a confrontation between the logics of the archive and the platform – the documentation of random moments is a symptom of the different logic of archiving online, and therefore of the different value orientation in an online environment of continuous and pervasive content generation.

Figure 8: Maya Man, Glance Back Instagram post, moments in browser software 4 self documentation reflection archive collection, 14 July 2023.

In Man’s work, content has fully assumed its value and power. The documentary strategies of self-recording and self-surveillance are only one method, as the photographic document is no longer the key to transcend the profane into the cultural archives. In earlier works discussed, photographic documentation was the vehicle crossing the value boundary and positively adapting the new to the art historical tradition before it. In this later stage, content in artistic context is emancipated from the documentary to surface as an indicator of value.

FAKE IT TILL YOU MAKE IT (2022) (Figure 9) is a generative art collection and later a book. The artists borrowed from the bubbly language and pastel-coloured aesthetics of Instagram text graphics to scrutinize the promotion of wellness, self-care, and confidence on social media. Every image featured in the book was generated with a custom, JavaScript-based algorithm, written by the artist. The book acts as an ode to the Art Blocks Curated collection, showcasing all 700 editions in glossy detail along with essays, Discord logs, poetry written with the output, source code, feature analysis, and a carefully curated selection of large-format spreads. Here, content has transcended the photographic and the documentary as an access point to the cultural archive, and the work draws on direct aesthetics and strategies of content, while exploring the ubiquity of self-care, motivational quotes, and positive affirmations online. The work was longlisted for the Lumen Prize in generative art.

Figure 9: FAKE IT TILL YOU MAKE IT

Online, these types of posts make their algorithmic way through networked feeds fuelled by attention and engagement through likes, comments, and shares. “’What do I believe?’ becomes ‘What do I want to appear to believe?’ Fake it till you make it! Maybe your dream life lives here: In a digital, fantasy world, where the algorithm plays god and loving yourself feels like looking into the light of your screen” (Man, "FAKE IT TILL YOU MAKE IT"). Man suggests that rather than being seen as an auxiliary act, posting could be reframed as an experimental practice in itself - “If the medium is the message, the ‘new media’ most artists are experimenting with today is the online presentation of self” (Man, "The Artist Is Online").

Man’s 2023 piece Dress Code exemplifies greatly the re-evaluation of values and synthesis of positive and negative adaptation to valorised cultural tradition via content. The generative patchwork piece uses language sourced from Gucci’s Instagram captions from the past 12 years, including over 200 adjectives from the fashion house’s social media (Figure 10). Pulling from this archive of words and a curated set of Unicode symbols, the program renders a randomly chosen element repeatedly in each patch, mimicking a method used for printed fabric. These signifiers combine in one’s wardrobe to perform their shifting identity. The work examines how platforms influence fashion, the entanglement of fashion brands with social media platforms, and the capacity of content, as a source and a logic, to scrutinize the processes it serves.

Figure 10: Maya Man, Dress Code (2023), Instagram post, 24 July 2023.

Conclusion

This article considered contemporary feminist performance and internet art practices in the framework of Boris Groys’s theory of innovation. By analysing works by Signe Pierce, Molly Soda, and Maya Man as exemplifying the process of cultural innovation theorised by Groys, the article demonstrated how these artists use social media platforms, self-documentation, and archival behaviours to create works which cross the boundary between the profane realm of networked social platforms and the archival realm of institutionalised cultural memory.

Through the lens of Groys’s theory, innovation in contemporary feminist internet art allows the emergence of ‘content value’ through the re-valuation of values. This process is realised through positive adaptation to the established art historical traditions at the intersection of feminist performance and electronic technology, and negative adaptation where the transitory and everyday space of the feed is used to expand on these traditions via the use of content as artistic method.

‘Content value’ emerges as a critical feature of contemporary digital art, suggesting a blurring of the line between art and content, and introducing a new type of value in cultural production, drawing on the heterogeneity of online space. ‘Content value’ is shaped as part of a process of cultural innovation founded in the exchange between the valorised cultural archives and the vulgar networked social technologies. The practices discussed use content as a key feature of practice, while at the same time they extensively draw on archival logics and behaviours.

This article proposed ‘content value’ as a vehicle of the process of innovation in digital feminist performative practice. The introduction of a new value doesn’t necessarily effectively challenge the traditional hierarchical structures of art but speaks to the emergence of new facets of contemporary art in the context of ubiquitous social networking. Further consideration of these processes needs to address the deeper influence of digital platforms and algorithmic politics, and to consider ‘content value’ in a broader artistic context.

Content-as-art and ‘content value’ speak to the synthesis of positive and negative adaptation of contemporary works to the archive and the ways in which they introduce new values into culture via the vernacular of the Internet. At the same time, ‘content value’ reflects the exchange between the archive and the feed more broadly – while social media imitates the behaviours of the archive, the archive, or the institution of art, continually adopts the logics, metrics, and values of social media. Ultimately, the archive as the structural condition of innovation is preserved via its capacity for transformation and adoption of the new.

Notes

Works cited

Brodsky, Judith K. Dismantling the Patriarchy, Bit by Bit Art, Feminism, and Digital Technology. Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2022.

Bucknell, Alice, and Signe Pierce. “Digital Streams of an Uploadable Consciousness: Stories 2016-2019 - Signe Pierce and Alice Bucknell in Conversation." Mousse Magazine, 24 June 2019, https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/digital-streams-uploadable-consciousness-stories-2016-2019-signe-pierce-alice-bucknell-2019.

Burgess, Jean. YouTube Online Video and Participatory Culture / Jean Burgess, Joshua Green. Second edition., Polity Press, 2018.

Dekker, Annet. "What We Talk about When We Talk about Online Cultures." Archiving and Questioning Immateriality: Proceedings of the 5th Computer Art Congress [CAC.5], edited by Everardo Reyes-García et al., 2016, pp. 145–63.

Dekker, Annet, and Gabriella Giannachi. "The Qualities and Significance of Documentation." MAP - Media | Archive | Performance, vol. 12, 2022. mediarep.org, https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/22285.

Duchamp, Marcel. "L.H.O.O.Q. or La Joconde." Norton Simon Museum, https://www.nortonsimon.org/art/. Accessed 20 Aug. 2024.

"First Look: Amalia Ulman—Excellences & Perfections". Rhizome, 20 Oct. 2014, https://rhizome.org/editorial/2014/oct/20/first-look-amalia-ulmanexcellences-perfections/

Groys, Boris. On The New. Verso, 2014.

Harbison, Isobel. Performing Image. MIT Press, 2019.

Johnston, Anabelle, and Maya Man. "Scroll as Textile: An Interview with Maya Man." Syntax, https://syntaxmag.online/1/Scroll-As-Textile. Accessed 13 May 2024.

Krauss, Rosalind. "Video : The Aesthetics of Narcissism." October, vol. 1, 1976, pp. 50–64.

Lehner, Ace, editor. Self-Representation in an Expanded Field: From Self-Portraiture to Selfie, Contemporary Art in the Social Media Age. MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2021. library.oapen.org, https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-565-6.

Lijster, Thijs. "The Future of the New: An Interview with Boris Groys." Krisis: Journal of Contemporary Philosophy, no. issue 1: Data Activism, 2018, https://archive.krisis.eu/the-future-of-the-new-an-interview-with-boris-groys/.

---, editor. The Future of the New: Artistic Innovation in Times of Social Acceleration. Valiz, 2018.

Man, Maya. "FAKE IT TILL YOU MAKE IT." Heavy Manners Library, https://shop.heavymannerslibrary.com/products/fake-it-till-you-make-it-maya-man. Accessed 14 May 2024.

---. "The Artist Is Online." Outland, 2 Apr. 2024, https://outland.art/maya-man-digital-performance-art/.

Moss, Ceci. "Internet Explorers." Mass Effect: Art and the Internet in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Lauren Cornell and Ed Halter, MIT Press, 2015, pp. 147–57. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ed/detail.action?docID=4093117.

"Net Aart Anthology: VVEBCAM." Net Art Anthology: VVEBCAM, 27 Oct. 2016, https://anthology.rhizome.org/vvebcam.

"Net Art Anthology: Scandalishious." Net Art Anthology: Scandalishious, 27 Oct. 2016, https://anthology.rhizome.org/scandalishious.

Proulx, Mikhel. "Protocol and Performativity: Queer Selfies and the Coding of Online Identity." Performance Research: A Journal of the Performing Arts, vol. 21, no. 5, 2016, pp. 114–18.

"Signe Pierce." Annka Kultys Gallery, https://www.annkakultys.com/artists/signe-pierce/. Accessed 14 May 2024.

"Signe Pierce: Digital Streams of an Uploadable Consciousness: Series 2016-2019." Annka Kultys Gallery. 6 July 2019, https://www.annkakultys.com/exhibitions/digital-streams-of-an-uploadable-consciousness/

Soda, Molly. ☆ ♪ Singing Alone in My Room ☆ ♬’. (¯`*•.¸,¤°´✿.｡.:* 𝐈’м ᶤℕ 𝐥𝐨𝓥ᗴ ŴιＴh 𝕄𝕐 𝓹𝓸𝐫т@𝐥 *.:｡.✿`°¤,¸.•*´¯), 20 Feb. 2023, https://mollysoda.substack.com/p/singing-alone-in-my-room

Soulellis, Paul. "The Post as Medium." The Art Happens Here: Net Art Anthology, Edited by Michael Connor with Aria Dean and Dragan Espenschied, RHIZOME, 2019.

Steinberg, Monica. "(Im)Personal Matters: Intimate Strangers and Affective Market Economies." Oxford Art Journal, vol. 42, no. 1, Mar. 2019, pp. 45–67. Silverchair, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/kcy026.

Tromble, Meredith. The Art and Films of Lynn Hershman Leeson: Secret Agents, Private I. University of California Press, 2005.

Virtual Studio Visit: Molly Soda. 2024, https://outland.art/molly-soda/.

Biography

Bilyana Palankasova is a researcher and curator, currently a PhD candidate in Information Studies at the University of Glasgow. Her doctoral work considers the role of festivals in the history of digital art and looks at curatorial methods alongside institutional transformations. Bilyana studied History of Art & Digital Media at the University of Glasgow, Modern & Contemporary Art at The University of Edinburgh, and Curatorial Practice at The Glasgow School of Art.

Denise Helene Sumi

On Critical "Technopolitical Pedagogies"

On Critical "Technopolitical Pedagogies"

Learning and Knowledge Sharing with Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care

Abstract

This article explores the pedagogical and political dimensions of the projects Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care. Public Library/Memory of the World (2012–ongoing) by Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak serves as an online shadow library in response to the ongoing commodification of academic research and threats to public libraries. syllabus⦚ Pirate Care (2019), a project initiated by Valeria Graziano, Mars, and Medak, offers learning resources that address the crisis of care and its criminalisation under neoliberal policies. The article argues that by employing "technopolitical pedagogies" and advocating the sharing of knowledge, these projects enable forms of practical orientation in a complex world of political friction. They use network technologies and open-source tools to provide access to information and support civil disobedience against restrictive intellectual property laws. Unlike other scalable "pirate" infrastructures, these projects embrace a nonscalable model that prioritises relational, context-specific engagements and provides tools for the creation of similar infrastructures. Both projects represent critical pedagogical interventions, hacking the monodimensional tendencies of educational systems and library catalogues, and produce commoner positions.

What Is the Purpose of Pedagogy? Or How to Compose Content

Every human lives in a world. Worlds are composed of contents, the identification of those contents, and by the configuration of content relations within — semantically, operationally and axiologically. [...] The identification of the contents of a world and its relational configuration is what establishes frames of reference for practical orientation. (Reed 1)

This quote, taken from the opening words of Patricia Reed's essay "The End of a World and Its Pedagogies" offers a good entry point for what will be discussed below in relation to the two projects Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care. Public Library/Memory of the World is an online shadow library initiated in 2012 by Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak in a situation where knowledge and academic research was, and still is, largely commodified and followed the logics of property law, when public libraries were threatened by austerity measures and existing shadow libraries were increasingly threatened by lawsuits (Mars and Medak 48). As a continuation of Memory of the World, and as a response to a period of neoliberal politics in which care is "increasingly defunded, discouraged and criminalised," syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care was initiated in 2019 by Valeria Graziano, Mars and Medak (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 2). It is an online syllabus that provides information on initiatives that counter the criminalisation of care in a neoliberal system. The following text will discuss the two projects and argue that they produce and distribute content that can be linked back to their specific form of "technopolitical pedagogy" and commoning of knowledge, thus producing a specific practical and political orientation in the world (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 7). Practical orientation, with reference to Reed, is understood as a method of situating oneself within a complex and shifting reality and paying particular attention to the vectors and structures of specific relations and their activations. Practical orientation requires an active position in the development of new frameworks. If we understand content and information retrieval as a political project in itself (Kolb and Weinmayr 1), then what content we are able to access and how we are able to access is matters in relation to how worlds are composed.

These two projects were specifically chosen because they differ from similar "pirate" infrastructures such as sci-hub or library genesis in that they operate differently and are relatively small in scale. In her text "On Nonscalability", Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing argues for the development of a "theory of nonscalability", which she defines as the negative of scalability (Lowenhaupt Tsing 507). "Scalable projects"," she writes, "are those that can expand without changing" (Lowenhaupt Tsing 507). While she refers to relationships as "potential vectors of transformation" (Lowenhaupt Tsing 507), the content of both Public Library/Memory of the World and Syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care is presented with a strong reference to the librarians, authors, activists, and initiatives assembled, thus potentially allowing for a relationship with the non-interchangeable people behind the projects or book collections. Both projects provide not only the content, but also the tools to recreate such infrastructures/forms in different contexts and are therefore non static. The two projects differ from similar pirate structures in that they are not scalable in their current form and provide toolkits for recreating similar infrastructures. They are not a project of "uniform expansion", but capable of forming relations of care rather than modes of alienation (Lowenhaupt Tsing 507).

In the essay quoted above, Reed discusses the concept of worlds (actual worlds or models) as frameworks of inhabitation, shaped by content-related relations that create practical orientations. She argues that the current globalised world is characterised by monodimensional tendencies, leading to a "making-small of worlds" and a reduction of content and diversity (a similar argument to that of Lowenhaupt Tsing regarding the modern project of scalability in the sense of growth and expansion). This tendency to make "small worlds" is a familiar metaphor for describing the topologies of network technologies (Watts). One guiding question of this essay is how projects such as Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care can counteract this making-small of worlds. Reed explores how worlds endure through their ability to absorb friction but come to an end when they fail to do so. She points to a disparity created by what she calls the "insuppressible friction" of "Euromodern" and "globalising practices" with "the planetary" and suggests that at the end of a world, when frictions are no longer absorbed, pedagogies must attune by adapting to existing configurations and imagining other worlds (Reed 3). Although Reed focuses on the "insuppressible friction" around the disparity of the Euromodern and the planetary, I intend to apply her argument that pedagogies must attune to learn to absorb the disparity created by frictions otherwise — namely to a state where the disparity for a political desire for a monodimensional world order, a pluriversal world order, or one that understands the world as complex "dynamic cultural fabric" becomes irrepressible (Rivera Cusicanqui 107). What is the purpose of any pedagogy if not to absorb these very political frictions?

Then, what is the purpose of pedagogy, of a school, of a university? Gary Hall, critical theorist and media philosopher, answers this question as follows:

One of the purposes of a university is to create a space where society's common sense ideas can be examined and interrogated, and to act as a testing ground for the development of new knowledges, new subjectivities, new practices and new social relations of the kind we are going to need in the future, but which are often hard — although not impossible — to explore elsewhere. (Hall 169)

This essay is written at a time when pro-Palestinian protests on US campuses are spreading to European and Middle Eastern universities. According to the Crowd Counting Consortium, more than 150 pro-Palestinian demonstrations took place on US campuses between April 17 and 30, 2024. The same Washington Post article that reported these figures affirmed that state, local, and campus police, often in riot gear, monitored or dispersed crowds on more than eighty campuses (Rosenzweig-Ziff et al.). While their presence was often requested by university administrations themselves, by the early morning of May 17, 2024, more than 2,900 people had been arrested at campus protests in the US (Halina et al.). It is in this climate at universities, Hall’s statement quoted above about the university as a space for testing new social relations and new subjectivities needs to be critically reconsidered, as well as the university, its libraries, and archives as citadels of knowledge. Another level on which this text argues in favor of learning from and with projects such as Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care and its everyday and critical pedagogies , is the growing discussion about the decolonisation of libraries in the Global North; about how knowledge has been catalogued, collected, and stored in these library catalogues; about what socially and historically generated orders and hierarchies underlie them, and what content has been left out by which authors (Kolb and Weinmayr 1).

If knowledge — including academic research, books, and papers being produced by scholars and researchers — is to circulate in a multitude of ways, then ways of sharing this knowledge and spaces for learning should be supported, enhanced, and presented alongside an institutional setting. Learning and producing knowledge from within institutions should not exclude learning from and sharing with the periphery. Any form of knowledge can never be entirely public or private but must involve a variety of "modes of authorship, ownership and reproduction", as Hall writes (161). These distributed modes of authorship, ownership, and reproduction protect a society from knowledge being censored or even destroyed — and so worlds, histories, and biographies can continue to flourish and be discussed from different perspectives. In addition to state educational institutions such as universities, libraries, and state archives, other pillars within societies are needed to preserve and disseminate knowledge.

In the book School: A Recent History of Self-Organized Art Education, Sam Thorne has collected conversations that feature projects that enable alternative pedagogical practices or “radical education” outside of large state institutions, such as the Silent University in Boston; the School for Engaged Art in St. Petersburg/Berlin, associated with the collective and magazine Chto Delat; or the Public School founded by Sean Dockray and Fiona Whitton, associated with the platform AAAARG.org, among many others (Thorne 26). With his contribution to the field, Thorne gathers examples of "flexible, self-directed, social and free" and often "small", "non-standardized" programmes and formats for general education (Thorne 31ff). Within this trajectory of self-organised educational platforms and critical/radical pedagogies, the focus on Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus⦚ Pirate Care may offer a response to the increasingly repressive climate within public educational institutions, the critical review of existing library catalogues, and the "circuits of academic publishing" still largely controlled by these same institutions alongside a profitable academic publishing industry (Mars and Medak 60). Unlike most of the examples in School, the two examples I want to discuss are defined by the fact that they are not site-specific, but make use of network technologies and infrastructures, and therefore offer a reassessment of the question of how to use the possibilities of knowledge circulation offered by technological networks, thinking alongside questions of authorship, ownership, and reproduction, as well as the maintenance and care of knowledge.

Both projects will be discussed as examples of "techno-cultural formulations" (Goriunova 44) that embed critical pedagogies and not only address the current regulations of the circulation of knowledge and the criminalisation of care and solidarity that coinsides with it, but also offer tools and strategies to oppose these mechanisms individually and collectively. Goriunova's notion of "techno-cultural formations" refers to the ways in which technology and cultural practices co-evolve and shape one another and how these interactions produce new forms of culture and social organization, not falling into the narrative of techno-determinism. While “techno-cultural formations” play a crucial role in how knowledge is being navigated or retrieved, this essay argues, that it is all the more important to pay attention to critical pedagogies within techno-cultural formations as well as the content-form relation of certain formations. In order to better understand how techno-cultural formations shape social organisation differently from techno-determinism, the next part will make a small excursion to describe how distributed network technologies have been used in the last two decades to further confuse practical orientation, before returning to the actual projects.

From the Citadel to Calibre: Becoming an Autonomous Amateur Librarian

The push to disorient and capitalise on the "hyper-emotionalism of post-truth politics" (Hall 172), together with the rise of the digital platform economy, where companies such as Google or Amazon connect users and producers and extract value from the data generated by their interactions, transforming labour and further concentrating capital and power (Srnicek), has become increasingly influential in the politics of the last two decades. These developments have further confused the practical orientation and identification of information and content, and created political frictions. What became known as the Cambridge Analytica data scandal revealed to a wider public that the populist authoritarian right was exploiting the possibilities of network and communication technologies for its own ends. What Alexander Galloway observed in his 2010 essay "Networks" became clear:

Distributed networks have become hegemonic only recently, and because of this it is relatively easy to lapse back into the thinking of a time when networks were disruptive of power centers, when the guerilla threatened the army, when the nomadic horde threatened the citadel. But this is no longer the case. The distributed network is the new citadel, the new army, the new power. (Galloway 290)

In the same essay, Galloway points out the inherent contradictions within networked systems — how they simultaneously enable open access and impose new forms of regulation, thus he called for a "critical theory" when applying the network form (Galloway 290). Although, in 2010, Galloway was still very much focusing on distributed networks as the new citadel, when in fact it was the scale-free networks that a few years later made it possible for the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal to fully unfold at the scale it did. In her award-winning article, investigative journalist Carole Cadwalladr reveals the mechanisms and scale by which data analytics firm Cambridge Analytica harvested data from individual Facebook users to supply to political campaigns, including Donald Trump's 2015 presidential campaign and the Brexit campaign. Cadwalladr compares the massive scandal to a "massive land grab for power by billionaires via our data". She wrote: "Whoever owns this data owns the future".

In their text "System of a Takedown" on circuits of academic publishing, Mars and Medak remind us that the modern condition of land grabbing and that of intellectual property, and thus copyright for digital and discrete data, have the same historical roots in European absolutism and early capitalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Intellectual labour in the age of mechanical reproduction, they say, has been given an unfortunate metaphor: "A metaphor modeled on the scarce and exclusive character of property over land." (Mars and Medak 49) Mars and Medak refer to a complex interplay between capital flows, property rights, and the circuits of academic publishing. In their text, they essentially criticise what they call the “oligopoly” of academic publishing. Mars and Medak state that in 2019, academic publishing was a $10 billion industry, 75 percent of which was funded by university library subscriptions. They go on to show that the major commercial publishers in the field make huge profit margins, regularly over 30 percent in the case of Reed Elsevier, and not much less in the case of Taylor and Francis, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, and others. Mars and Medak argue that publishers maintain control over academic output through copyright and reputation mechanisms, preventing alternatives such as open access from emerging. They suggest that this control perpetuates inequality and limits access to knowledge (Mars and Medak 49). Mars and Medak follow a trajectory in their critique of the regulation of the circulation of knowledge. In his 2008 "Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto", programmer and activist Aaron Swartz criticised the academic publishing system and advocated civil disobedience to oppose these mechanisms:

The world’s entire scientific and cultural heritage, published over centuries in books and journals, is increasingly being digitized and locked up by a handful of private corporations. [...] It's outrageous and unacceptable. [...] We need to take information, wherever it is stored, make our copies and share them with the world. We need to take stuff that's out of copyright and add it to the archive. We need to buy secret databases and put them on the Web. We need to download scientific journals and upload them to file sharing networks.” (Swartz 2008)

A few years prior to the publication of the "Guerilla Open Access Manifesto", the "Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities" was presented. The declaration points out that the internet offers an opportunity to create a global and interactive repository of scientific knowledge and cultural heritage, which could be distributed through the means of networking. The declaration calls on policymakers, research institutions, funding agencies, libraries, archives, and museums to consider its call to action and to implement open-access policies. More than twenty years later, access to this particular system that legally circulates academic knowledge remains accessible only to a few privileged students, professors, and university staff. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights' call for equal access to education is in no way supported by a system in which knowledge is still treated as a scarcity rather than a common good. Under these continuing conditions, Mars and Medak argue that courts, constrained by viewing intellectual property through a copyright lens, have failed to reconcile the conflict between access to knowledge and fair compensation for intellectual labour. Instead, they have overwhelmingly supported the commercial interests of major copyright industries, further deepening social tensions through the commodification of knowledge in the age of digital reproduction (Mars and Medak 2019). For this reason, Mars and Medak suggest that copyright infringement (in relation to academic publishing circuits) is not a matter of illegality, but of "legitimate action" (Mars and Medak 55). They argue that a critical mass of infringement is necessary for such acts to be seen as legitimate expressions of civil disobedience. The author of Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates, Adrian Johns, writes that

"information has become a key commodity in the globalized economy and that piracy today goes beyond the theft of intellectual property to affect core aspects of modern culture, science, technology, authorship, policing, politics, and the very foundations of economic and social order. [...] That is why the topic of piracy causes the anxiety that it so evidently does. [...] The pirates, in all too many cases, are not alienated proles. Nor do they represent some comfortingly distinct outside. They are us. (Johns 26)

On his personal blog, Mars explains how to become an autonomous online librarian by sharing books using network technologies to contribute to critical mass. Calibre, an open-source software, allows you to create an individual database for a book/PDF collection (Mars). Calibre semiautomatically collects metadata from online sources. Each individual collection can be shared in a few simple steps when connected to a LAN (local area network). The entire collection can also be made available to others over the internet (outside the LAN). This is a bit more complex, but easy to learn and use. These mechanisms — a database and some basic knowledge of how to use networking technologies — form the basis of contributing to systems like the Public Library/Memory of the World. Database software like Calibre, networking technologies and tutorials like Mars's, as well as the maintenance of the website itself, make it possible to become an autonomous amateur librarian: knowledge can be made freely available by the many for the many. A project like Public Library/Memory of the World creates a potential for decentralisation, bringing together materials and perspectives that are not already validated or authorised by the formalised environment of an institutional library (Kolb and Weinmayr 2), but allowing for "flexible, self-directed, social and free" and many "small", "non-standardised", and independent libraries and learning platforms, like those presented by Thorne (31). As of May 23, 2024, the library currently offers access to 158,819 books, available in PDF or EPUB format, maintained and offered by twenty-six autonomous librarians, that you could potentially contact in one way or another.

Learning with Syllabi: Becoming a "Subject Position"

While Public Library/Memory of the World is often referenced in discussions of the commons, open access, online piracy, and shadow libraries (Sollfrank, Stalder, and Niederberger), syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care can be situated in the political tradition of radical writing and publishing in a new media environment (Dean et al.). Alongside this tradition, the initiators Graziano, Mars, and Medak claim that the project is in fact a continuation of the shadow library and its particular ethics and is using pedagogy as an "entry point" (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 4). Inspired by "online syllabi generated within social justice movements" such as #FergusonSyllabus (2014), #BlkWomenSyllabus (2015), #SayHerNameSyllabus (2015), #StandingRockSyllabus (2016), or #BLMSyllabus (2015/2016) (Learning with Syllabus), syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care serves as a transnational research project involving activists, researchers, hackers, and artists concerned with the "crisis of care" and the criminalisation of solidarity in "neoliberal politics" (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 117). After an introduction to the syllabus and its content, summaries, reading lists, and resources from the introductory sessions "Situating Care", "The Crisis of Care and its Criminalisation", "Piracy and Civil Disobedience, Then and Now", as well as guidance for exercises, are provided. Each session/section is accompanied by an exhaustive list of references and resources, as well as links to access the resources. This is followed by more detailed insights into civic and artistic projects and activist practices such as "Sea Rescue as Care", "Housing Struggles", "Transhackfeminism", and "Hormones, Toxicity and Body Sovereignty", to name but a few. Regarding its specific pedagogies and "technopolitics", it explains that:

We want the syllabus to be ready for easy preservation and come integrated with a well-maintained and catalogued collection of learning materials. To achieve this, our syllabus is built from plaintext documents that are written in a very simple and human-readable Markdown markup language, rendered into a static HTML website that doesn’t require a resource-intensive and easily breakable database system, and which keeps its files on a git version control system that allows collaborative writing and easy forking to create new versions. Such a syllabus can be then equally hosted on an internet server and used/shared offline from a USB stick. (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 5)

In addition to the static website (built with Hugo), it is possible to generate a PDF of the entire syllabus with a single click (this feature is built into the website using Paged.js). Some of the topics are linked to a specific literature repository on the shadow library Public Library/Memory of the World. The curriculum lives on a publishing platform, Sandpoints, developed by Mars. Sandpoints enables collaborative writing, remixing, and maintenance of a catalogue of learning resources as "concrete proposals for learning" (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 4). The source code for the software is made available via GitHub, and all "original writing" within the syllabus is released "under CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0), Public Domain Dedication, No Copyright" and users are invited to use the material in any way (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 6). The arrangement of this specific form of "Pirate Care" — an open curriculum linked to a shadow library, built with free software, together with the call for collective action — produces and distributes activities and content that can be linked back to the specific form of solidarity and ethics that the project is concerned with.

The specific technopolitical pedagogies of the two projects discussed do indeed apply a critical theory when using the network form, thus allowing for a practical orientation (especially when engaging with techno-cultural formulations.) They do so by exploring the specific content-form relations of research practices and their tools themselves; by advocating for the implementation of care in the network form; and by applying methodologies for commoning for enabling transversal knowledge exchange. They do so while embracing the opportunities offered by network technologies, calling for "technologically-enabled care and solidarity networks" (syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care 2). These systems are in place to support the use of experimental web publishing tools. By distributing information outside dominant avenues, Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus⦚ Pirate Care continue to challenge the "unusable politics" (transmediale) and "unjust laws" (Swartz) that continue to produce harmful environments, offering a reassessment of the inherently violent dynamics of the realities of Publishing (with a capital P) (Dean et al.), the circulation of information as a commodity, and imperialist logics of structural discrimination. As a model for commoning knowledge in the form of a technically informed care infrastructure, the project not only enables its users to engage with the syllabus and library as a curriculum, but also to build and maintain similar infrastructures. As an alternative publishing infrastructure, these projects continue to have an impact on politics, pedagogies, and governance and can serve as models to carefully institute. In their 2022 publication "Infrastructural Interactions: Survival, Resistance and Radical Care", the Institute for Technology in the Public Interest (TITiPI) explore how big tech continues to intervene in the public realm. Therefore, TITiPI asks: "How can we attend to these shifts collectively in order to demand public data infrastructures that can serve the greater public good?" (TITiPI 2022)

Projects such as Public Library/Memory of the World and syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care produce what Goriunova — with reference to the conceptual persona in Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s “What is Philosophy?” — has called a "subject position", one that is "abstracted from the work and structures of shadow libraries, repositories and platforms" and that operates in the world in relation to subjectivities (Deleuze and Guattari; Goriunova 43). Goriunova's subject position is one that is radically different from what Hall recalls when he speaks of new subjectivities being formed within universities. In relation to making and using and learning with a shadow library like Public Library/Memory of the World or a repository like syllabus ⦚ Pirate Care, Goriunova states:

They [the subject positions] are formed as points of view, conceptual positions that create a version of the world with its own system of values, maps of orientation and horizon of possibility. A conceptual congregation of actions, values, ideas, propositions creates a subject position that renders the project possible. Therefore, on the one hand, techno-cultural gestures, actions, structures create subject positions, and on the other, the projects themselves as cuts of the world are created from a point of view, from a subject position. This is neither techno-determinism, when technology defines subjects, nor an argument for an independence of the human, but for a mutual constitution of subjects and technology through techno-cultural formulations. (Goriunova 43)

When one actively engages with network technologies, shadow libraries, repositories, and independent learning platforms, a subject position is constantly abstracted and made manifest. I would add to that, when one actively engages with network technologies, shadow libraries, repositories, and independent learning platforms a "commoner position" is constantly abstracted and made manifest. Galloway uses the Greek "Furies" as a metaphor for the "operative divinity" in the anti-hermeneutic tradition of networks and calls for a "new model of reading [...] that is not hermeneutic in nature but instead based on cybernetic parsing, scanning, rearranging, filtering, and interpolating" (Galloway 290). The Furies, which occur above all when human justice and the law fail somewhere, are suddenly reminiscent of the figure of the pirate that disobeys "unjust legal" and "social rules" (Graziano, Mars 141). The question remains: How can pedagogy attune so that it can create commoner positions that are willing to take on the work of the furies and the pirates, the work of parsing, scanning, rearranging, filtering, and interpolating? Who owns and shares the content that composes our dialogues and worlds?

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Biography

Denise Helene Sumi (she/her) is a curator, editor, and researcher. She works as a doctoral researcher at the Peter Weibel Institute for Digital Cultures at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna and has been the coordinator of the Digital Solitude program at the international and interdisciplinary artist residency Akademie Schloss Solitude, Stuttgart, from 2019 to 2024. Her research focuses on the mediation of artistic experimental directions that establish and maintain technology-based relationships, lateral knowledge exchange, and collective approaches. Sumi was editor in chief of the Solitude Journal and is cofounder of the exhibition space Kevin Space, Vienna. Her writing and interviews have been published in springerin, Camera Austria, Spike Art Quarterly, Solitude Journal, Solitude Blog, and elsewhere.