Content Form:APRJA 13 Mateus Domingos - Revision history

Simoon at 12:31, 29 October 2024

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Simoon: /* Message Board */

2024-10-29T12:30:17Z

Message Board

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Simoon: /* Message Board */

2024-10-29T12:30:02Z

Message Board

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Simoon at 12:28, 29 October 2024

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Mateus at 09:46, 22 October 2024

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	There is a direct link in the formation of these projects to the practices of router hacking that emerged in 2004, building on the ''OpenWRT'' protocol. This gained prominence with ''PirateBox'' (Darts, Strubel), which was further developed by forked repositories such as ''LibraryBox'' (Griffey), both no longer maintained. Projects such as ''Bibliotecha'' (Buzova et al) perform similar functions – that is the sharing of media through offline networks. The specific mode of user participation within such networks is a key aspect of the value of these projects in as the Bibliotecha developers write:		There is a direct link in the formation of these projects to the practices of router hacking that emerged in 2004, building on the ''OpenWRT'' protocol. This gained prominence with ''PirateBox'' (Darts, Strubel), which was further developed by forked repositories such as ''LibraryBox'' (Griffey), both no longer maintained. Projects such as ''Bibliotecha'' (Buzova et al) perform similar functions – that is the sharing of media through offline networks. The specific mode of user participation within such networks is a key aspect of the value of these projects in as the Bibliotecha developers write:

	<blockquote>When you’re going parallel/serve locally like an actual physical library, the content comes from a particular context and is served in this context. There is a real purpose to it, it is not just sharing for the sake of sharing. (~~Lafore~~ et al 44)</blockquote><ref> This is documented in the publication by Constant, “Are You Being Served?” (2014), which followed a 2013 event "dedicated to a Feminist review of mesh, cloud, autonomous, and DIY servers".</ref>		<blockquote>When you’re going parallel/serve locally like an actual physical library, the content comes from a particular context and is served in this context. There is a real purpose to it, it is not just sharing for the sake of sharing. (Laforet et al 44)</blockquote><ref> This is documented in the publication by Constant, “Are You Being Served?” (2014), which followed a 2013 event "dedicated to a Feminist review of mesh, cloud, autonomous, and DIY servers".</ref>

	Beyond the scope of Wi-Fi, other protocols offer similar potential for experimental networking. To give two examples: ''Near Field Contact'' is notable particularly for the fact that the device holding the data is powered by the device receiving the data, through the process of inductance when it receives the radio signal. This results in very constrained data limits, however the devices are now ubiquitous, used extensively in stores to tag items. It is also utilised by smartphones, to perform contactless payments – meaning that these devices can read and write these chips. Secondly, ''LoRa'' (Cycleo, Semtech), which is visibly similar to the sideBand boards (usually utilising the newer ESP chip, ESP32) that is a proprietary technique for long range wifi, often conceived as forming mesh networks that pass data node to node, circumventing big tech and state infrastructures.		Beyond the scope of Wi-Fi, other protocols offer similar potential for experimental networking. To give two examples: ''Near Field Contact'' is notable particularly for the fact that the device holding the data is powered by the device receiving the data, through the process of inductance when it receives the radio signal. This results in very constrained data limits, however the devices are now ubiquitous, used extensively in stores to tag items. It is also utilised by smartphones, to perform contactless payments – meaning that these devices can read and write these chips. Secondly, ''LoRa'' (Cycleo, Semtech), which is visibly similar to the sideBand boards (usually utilising the newer ESP chip, ESP32) that is a proprietary technique for long range wifi, often conceived as forming mesh networks that pass data node to node, circumventing big tech and state infrastructures.
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	The material conditions of networking infrastructure continue to be a focus within research and arts practices, shaping the development of concepts such as permacomputing, and a wider revival of Luddism. As was clear to the participants of "Are You Being Served?", an event dedicated to a Feminist review of mesh, cloud, autonomous, and DIY servers:		The material conditions of networking infrastructure continue to be a focus within research and arts practices, shaping the development of concepts such as permacomputing, and a wider revival of Luddism. As was clear to the participants of "Are You Being Served?", an event dedicated to a Feminist review of mesh, cloud, autonomous, and DIY servers:

	<blockquote>The necessary infrastructure that is put in place effects our understanding of place, both virtually and physically and it has become increasingly difficult to be intimate with the technologies that we feel familiar with. (~~Aktypi~~ et al)</blockquote>		<blockquote>The necessary infrastructure that is put in place effects our understanding of place, both virtually and physically and it has become increasingly difficult to be intimate with the technologies that we feel familiar with. (Laforet et al 4)</blockquote>

	When so much of life is contingent on the so called "connectivity" of the internet and subject to ever greater modes of extraction, a template of autonomous zones and fragmented protocols appears as a necessary practice. The methodologies of feminist servers shared by ServPub and sideBand clearly provide an effective route to gaining this proximity to infrastructure and the tools to shape other forms.		When so much of life is contingent on the so called "connectivity" of the internet and subject to ever greater modes of extraction, a template of autonomous zones and fragmented protocols appears as a necessary practice. The methodologies of feminist servers shared by ServPub and sideBand clearly provide an effective route to gaining this proximity to infrastructure and the tools to shape other forms.

Mateus: citations edited

2024-10-22T09:16:32Z

citations edited

Show changes

Geoffcox at 10:15, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T10:15:30Z

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Geoffcox at 10:14, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T10:14:19Z

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	The ServPub infrastructure has been documented in depth by its participants in the newspaper, online, and within this journal. Based on the diagram by Mara Karagianni, I include a brief outline of the structure here in order to contextualise the observations I am drawing. This diagram also shows how the sideBand network occupies space alongside the ServPub network.		The ServPub infrastructure has been documented in depth by its participants in the newspaper, online, and within this journal. Based on the diagram by Mara Karagianni, I include a brief outline of the structure here in order to contextualise the observations I am drawing. This diagram also shows how the sideBand network occupies space alongside the ServPub network.

	[[File:fig1-networkdiagram.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 1: Network diagram (based on Karagianni)]]		[[File:fig1-networkdiagram.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 1: Network diagram (based on Karagianni).]]

	The diagram maps the modes of connection to the sideBand network, the ServPub organised wiki4print platform and common retrieval of websites. The editor is imagined as selecting a wifi network or service set identifier (SSID) to join at which point the paths of data diverge. In the organisation of this diagram, blocks closer to the top of the diagram are more likely visible to the editors. This visibility mostly aligns with opportunity for control over those blocks (e.g. through removing the power source).		The diagram maps the modes of connection to the sideBand network, the ServPub organised wiki4print platform and common retrieval of websites. The editor is imagined as selecting a wifi network or service set identifier (SSID) to join at which point the paths of data diverge. In the organisation of this diagram, blocks closer to the top of the diagram are more likely visible to the editors. This visibility mostly aligns with opportunity for control over those blocks (e.g. through removing the power source).
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	The ESP8266 is produced by Chinese semiconductor firm, Espressif. They describe themselves as a world leading AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things) company and by late 2023 they had shipped over 1 billion chips (Espressif). They are well known for their ESP range of chips which feature networking components such as wifi. Their devices are designed to work with Espressif's own open-source SDKs as well as other alternatives, such as Arduino. As with Raspberry Pi, they are designed primarily for industrial use. The ESP chips have also been developed into so-called development boards. This places the chip within a printed circuit board that contains the necessary components to enable simple programming and operation, allowing inputs/outputs and USB connection. The model I am using is the ''D1 Mini'', originally designed by Lolin (based on a module by Ai-Thinker). As they became available in these hobbyist-friendly forms they were quickly adopted as a flexible part of IoT (Internet of Things) tinkering, despite initially having no English documentation (Benchoff).		The ESP8266 is produced by Chinese semiconductor firm, Espressif. They describe themselves as a world leading AIoT (Artificial Intelligence of Things) company and by late 2023 they had shipped over 1 billion chips (Espressif). They are well known for their ESP range of chips which feature networking components such as wifi. Their devices are designed to work with Espressif's own open-source SDKs as well as other alternatives, such as Arduino. As with Raspberry Pi, they are designed primarily for industrial use. The ESP chips have also been developed into so-called development boards. This places the chip within a printed circuit board that contains the necessary components to enable simple programming and operation, allowing inputs/outputs and USB connection. The model I am using is the ''D1 Mini'', originally designed by Lolin (based on a module by Ai-Thinker). As they became available in these hobbyist-friendly forms they were quickly adopted as a flexible part of IoT (Internet of Things) tinkering, despite initially having no English documentation (Benchoff).

	[[File:Fig2-stack.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 2: Diagram of some manufacturers at different stages of the development board production]]		[[File:Fig2-stack.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 2: Diagram of some manufacturers at different stages of the development board production.]]

	The D1 Mini contains a handful of visible components. The antenna is a copper trace etched onto the board like a strange glyph. The intended use of the board is signed and performed by this as the length of the trace corresponds to antenna theory and is (with an adjustment for impedance) a quarter wavelength long (Pattnayak, Thanikachalam 4). Because the hardware is open sourced it allows hobbyists to experiment with the construction of these boards. This structure means that it is possible for hobbyists to design their own versions of these development boards and have them manufactured with relative ease (Feranec). This means that there are also many different companies producing these development boards, and that they continue to be readily available despite their limitations and superior later models.		The D1 Mini contains a handful of visible components. The antenna is a copper trace etched onto the board like a strange glyph. The intended use of the board is signed and performed by this as the length of the trace corresponds to antenna theory and is (with an adjustment for impedance) a quarter wavelength long (Pattnayak, Thanikachalam 4). Because the hardware is open sourced it allows hobbyists to experiment with the construction of these boards. This structure means that it is possible for hobbyists to design their own versions of these development boards and have them manufactured with relative ease (Feranec). This means that there are also many different companies producing these development boards, and that they continue to be readily available despite their limitations and superior later models.

	[[File:Fig3-block-diagram.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 3: ESP8266 Block diagram (based on Espressif)]]		[[File:Fig3-block-diagram.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 3: ESP8266 Block diagram (based on Espressif).]]

	To program the board I have been using Arduino, "an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software." ("What Is Arduino?") It is a popular choice for hobbyists to experiment with electronics, often utilising sensors and other components. The integrated development environment (IDE) shares a lineage with experimental artistic coding as it built on ''Wiring'' (Barragán) which the creators of ''Processing'', Casey Reas and Ben Fry describe as "an electronics version of Processing that used our programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax" (Shiffman). It's relevant to note as well, that Reas and Fry also express their excitement at the "iteration and growth of this community" and cite the earlier software and projects that informed Processing.		To program the board I have been using Arduino, "an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software." ("What Is Arduino?") It is a popular choice for hobbyists to experiment with electronics, often utilising sensors and other components. The integrated development environment (IDE) shares a lineage with experimental artistic coding as it built on ''Wiring'' (Barragán) which the creators of ''Processing'', Casey Reas and Ben Fry describe as "an electronics version of Processing that used our programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax" (Shiffman). It's relevant to note as well, that Reas and Fry also express their excitement at the "iteration and growth of this community" and cite the earlier software and projects that informed Processing.
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	to read the code visually using advanced microscopy techniques (Courbon, Skorobogatov, Woods).<ref> The process of deciphering programming from photography of chips is commonly part of reverse-engineering efforts aimed at proprietary and/or old hardware (Ilmer; Shirriff).</ref>		to read the code visually using advanced microscopy techniques (Courbon, Skorobogatov, Woods).<ref> The process of deciphering programming from photography of chips is commonly part of reverse-engineering efforts aimed at proprietary and/or old hardware (Ilmer; Shirriff).</ref>

	[[File:Fig4-flash.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 7: Flash Memory diagram (based on AnandTech)]]		[[File:Fig4-flash.jpg\|thumb\|480px\|Figure 7: Flash Memory diagram (based on AnandTech).]]

	Accessing the sideBand network would in most cases force a user to disconnect from other networks sincethe usual operation of phones or laptops only allows for a connection to one wifi network at a time to avoid routing conflicts. On some devices this process prompts a warning to the editor that they will not be able to connect to the internet. In the process of connecting to a new network some devices will try to ping a service, in order to receive a response confirming they are online. The response generated when connected to the sideBand network is unsuccessful and so triggers the warning. The device presents this as something you shouldn't do and circumventing it usually takes a few more steps to assure the device that you do wish to connect to this offline network. This hints at the levels of invisible communication our devices have with centralised platforms throughout their use.		Accessing the sideBand network would in most cases force a user to disconnect from other networks sincethe usual operation of phones or laptops only allows for a connection to one wifi network at a time to avoid routing conflicts. On some devices this process prompts a warning to the editor that they will not be able to connect to the internet. In the process of connecting to a new network some devices will try to ping a service, in order to receive a response confirming they are online. The response generated when connected to the sideBand network is unsuccessful and so triggers the warning. The device presents this as something you shouldn't do and circumventing it usually takes a few more steps to assure the device that you do wish to connect to this offline network. This hints at the levels of invisible communication our devices have with centralised platforms throughout their use.
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	When so much of life is contingent on the so called "connectivity" of the internet and subject to ever greater modes of extraction, a template of autonomous zones and fragmented protocols appears as a necessary practice. The methodologies of feminist servers shared by ServPub and sideBand clearly provide an effective route to gaining this proximity to infrastructure and the tools to shape other forms.		When so much of life is contingent on the so called "connectivity" of the internet and subject to ever greater modes of extraction, a template of autonomous zones and fragmented protocols appears as a necessary practice. The methodologies of feminist servers shared by ServPub and sideBand clearly provide an effective route to gaining this proximity to infrastructure and the tools to shape other forms.

	[[File:Image1.png\|thumb\|400px\|Figure 8: Wemos D1 mini underside]]		[[File:Image1.png\|thumb\|400px\|Figure 8: Wemos D1 mini underside.]]

	[[File:Image2.png\|thumb\|400px\|Figure 9: Wemos D1 mini topside]]		[[File:Image2.png\|thumb\|400px\|Figure 9: Wemos D1 mini topside.]]

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

Geoffcox at 10:03, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T10:03:40Z

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	= Unstable Frequencies =		= Unstable Frequencies =
	= A Case for Small ~~Scale~~ Wifi Experimentation =		= A Case for Small-scale Wifi Experimentation =

	== Abstract ==		== Abstract ==

Geoffcox at 10:02, 15 October 2024

2024-10-15T10:02:51Z

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	= Unstable Frequencies =		= Unstable Frequencies =
	= A ~~case~~ for ~~small scale wifi experimentation~~ =		= A Case for Small Scale Wifi Experimentation =

	== Abstract ==		== Abstract ==
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	A key distinction, which situates the following essay, is contained within the first step from editor device to the network. The ServPub setup was joined via the wifi provided by the workshop venue, and as such, not controlled by the participants. As the network included multiple servers in different locations, the data was making long international loops to reach back to the device that was in the room. Conversely the sideBand network was contained within the room, with data passing directly between the sideBand device and the editor device.		A key distinction, which situates the following essay, is contained within the first step from editor device to the network. The ServPub setup was joined via the wifi provided by the workshop venue, and as such, not controlled by the participants. As the network included multiple servers in different locations, the data was making long international loops to reach back to the device that was in the room. Conversely the sideBand network was contained within the room, with data passing directly between the sideBand device and the editor device.

	== Side ~~bands~~ ==		== Side Bands ==
	This kind of networking performed by the sideBand, could perhaps be described as shadow-networking, borrowing the nomenclature from shadow libraries and the dark web. These practices challenge the permitted use of existing infrastructures. Their operation follows pirate principles (Sumi 13). The uses of sideBand that editors took most interest in was perhaps those that performed as elements of a shadow library structure. I am using the term sideBands to refer more specifically to a technical phenomenon, that relates to the relational quality of the networks.		This kind of networking performed by the sideBand, could perhaps be described as shadow-networking, borrowing the nomenclature from shadow libraries and the dark web. These practices challenge the permitted use of existing infrastructures. Their operation follows pirate principles (Sumi 13). The uses of sideBand that editors took most interest in was perhaps those that performed as elements of a shadow library structure. I am using the term sideBands to refer more specifically to a technical phenomenon, that relates to the relational quality of the networks.

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	To program the board I have been using Arduino, "an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software." ("What Is Arduino?") It is a popular choice for hobbyists to experiment with electronics, often utilising sensors and other components. The integrated development environment (IDE) shares a lineage with experimental artistic coding as it built on ''Wiring'' (Barragán) which the creators of ''Processing'', Casey Reas and Ben Fry describe as "an electronics version of Processing that used our programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax" (Shiffman). It's relevant to note as well, that Reas and Fry also express their excitement at the "iteration and growth of this community" and cite the earlier software and projects that informed Processing.		To program the board I have been using Arduino, "an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software." ("What Is Arduino?") It is a popular choice for hobbyists to experiment with electronics, often utilising sensors and other components. The integrated development environment (IDE) shares a lineage with experimental artistic coding as it built on ''Wiring'' (Barragán) which the creators of ''Processing'', Casey Reas and Ben Fry describe as "an electronics version of Processing that used our programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax" (Shiffman). It's relevant to note as well, that Reas and Fry also express their excitement at the "iteration and growth of this community" and cite the earlier software and projects that informed Processing.

	== Message ~~board~~ ==		== Message Board ==
	The sideBand locally hosts a simple message board website. It is a small page of HTML that assembles itself each time it is requested, to include any new data submitted by the editors. It makes use of a handful of basic HTML elements with styling performed inline. The more complex element is the form, which provides the functionality for editors to post messages. The messages are stored as variables that pass through the Arduino code and are able to act in parts of the program other than the displayed HTML. Despite being messy and inefficient, the code for this program is quite accessible for editors with little coding experience. Much of the functionality of the sideBand server is contained and performed within libraries that are part of the IDE. In the process of programming, we can call on these libraries and use certain functions with the expectation that they will continue to perform expected tasks (such as handle new editors joining the SSID).		The sideBand locally hosts a simple message board website. It is a small page of HTML that assembles itself each time it is requested, to include any new data submitted by the editors. It makes use of a handful of basic HTML elements with styling performed inline. The more complex element is the form, which provides the functionality for editors to post messages. The messages are stored as variables that pass through the Arduino code and are able to act in parts of the program other than the displayed HTML. Despite being messy and inefficient, the code for this program is quite accessible for editors with little coding experience. Much of the functionality of the sideBand server is contained and performed within libraries that are part of the IDE. In the process of programming, we can call on these libraries and use certain functions with the expectation that they will continue to perform expected tasks (such as handle new editors joining the SSID).